A Documentary History

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The Sandino Rebellion in Nicaragua

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1927-1934

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©  Michael J. Schroeder, 2007-08

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     These documents, culled mainly from the intelligence reports of the US Marines and Nicaraguan National Guard (RG127), strike me as uncommonly illuminating.  All were produced by non-Sandinistas.  All offer insights into the rebels' beliefs, moral codes, values, and practices, or the cultural and social universe of Las Segovias, Nicaragua, and Central America within which they were embedded.

     Minor spelling errors have been corrected; names of people and places follow certain conventions to help ensure that searching the site yields robust results.  Each document is accompanied by an introductory note that sketches the contexts of its production, and suggests some of the reasons why it seems especially helpful.

     (NoteED means Ejército Defensor [Defending Army], short for Ejército Defensor de la Soberanía Nacional de Nicaragua [Defending Army of Nicaraguan National Sovereignty, EDSNN], the official title of the Sandinista politico-military organization, of which Sandino was the Jefe Supremo [Supreme Chief].)

 

I.  Inventory of Documents

PG. DATE NAME TYPE OF REPORT SOURCE
1 22.03.29 Castellon, Camilo Newspaper article on Las Segovias and building of the Limay-San Albino road, 1920

NEWS22.03.29

  27.06.21 Butters, Charles Statement on Sandino's return to San Albino Mine, June 1927 M27.06.21
  27.12.06 Matteson, L.J. Interview on Sandino's seizure of San Albino Mine, June-August 1927 M27.12.06
  28.02.23 Rugama, Anastacio Statements of A. Rugama and Eudovio Cornejo, capt'd ED, Matagalpa M28.02.23
  28.03.20 Rios, Jeronimo Interview with trader familiar with trails from Matagalpa to East Coast M28.03.20
  28.03.20 Spy (anonymous) Report on mission to Daraili, San Rafael M28.03.20
2 28.04.21 Rivas, Julio Cesar CASEFILE:  Interrogation of Sandino agent in Honduras and El Salvador & his wife M28.04.21; USDS to March 1929
  28.04.22 Alvarez, Joaquin Report on ED btwn P. Cabezas--Wauni, captured by ED; many boys in group IR28.04.22
  28.05.06 Fletcher, et al. Sacking of the Neptune, Lone Star, and La Luz Mines, April 1928 USDS 817.00/5739 IR28.05.06: 3
  28.05.27 Zelaya Brothers Report captured by Pedron, robbed, one w/ ear cut off (Pedro, Porfirio, and ?) IR28.05.27: 6
  28.08.24 Rivera, Abraham Statement of Abraham Rivera M28.08.24
3 28.08.25 Castellon, Camilo Relato of kidnapping by ED under M.A. Ortez, typescript, w/ letters included M28.08.25 (ANN)
  28.09.02 Hernandez, Maximo ED prisoner interrogated, Ocotal district M28.09.02
  28.09.14 Bucardo, Gavino ED soldier goes home to plant a crop, Jinotega IR28.10.08: 7
  28.09.14 Guatemala, Tomas Reluctant rebel surrenders at Jinotega IR28.10.08: 7
  28.09.24 Former rebel Jefe Information obtained from; was with Diaz and Salgado IR28.09.24: 9-10; 10.08: 6
4 28.09.24 Navas Spy intelligence, Jalapa area M28.09.24
  28.09.30 Agent #88 Spy intelligence, Honduran borderland, Western Segovias M28.09.30
  28.10.08 Picado, Ciriaco ED soldier under Ortez captured and interrogated IR28.10.08: 8, 10
  28.10.08 11th Reg't, Ocotal ED organizes Civic Guard IR28.10.08: 9
  28.10.22 Ramirez, Pablo ED deserter, brought in by father to Jinotega; was with Jose Leon Diaz, Quesada, Montoya IR28.10.22: 6
5 28.10.24 Pedron USMC-GN investigation into San Marcos murders, 1-2 Oct 1928 M28.10.01
  28.11.06 Torres, Humberto Narrative on Sandino's life & constitutionalist campaign M28.11.06
  28.12.17 Vallecillo, Emilio Brother of ED Sgt Major interrogated; captured by Holmes Oct 28 IR28.12.17: 8
  29.01.14 Molina, Idelfonso Account of capture & release by ED, Dec 14-22, 1928; Molina family of Yali & Jinotega IR29.01.14: 6-7
  29.02.01 Mairena Hernandez, Dr. Domingo Letter of resignation to Sandino and related documents IR29.02.12: 11-12
6 29.02.03 Giron Ruano, Manuel Maria Statement to Hanneken before execution by Escamilla MCHC-PPC/Smith/7
  29.02.04 Guatemala, Tomas More information from Tuma Guatemala M29.02.04
  29.02.05 Anonymous A Few Details on Certain Persons Who Are Sandinistas Under Cover (Ocotal area) M29.02.05
  29.02.12 Mangas, Rogelio Statement of deserter from Pedron IR29.02.12: 5, 7
  29.02.12 Mierisch mandador Intel on Pedron's visit to Mierisch's coffee farm IR29.02.12: 3-4
7 29.02.15 Perez, Domingo Interview w/ surrendered rebel from Pedron group, by Edson IR29.02.25: 5
  29.03.28 Anonymous Information about Pedron and his band from finqueros near La Flor, Jinotega M29.03.28
  29.04.08 Stockes & Hakala Operations in the Honduran borderlands, March 27-April 6, 1929 IR29.04.08
  29.04.09 Lopez Zamora, Locadia Statement on atrocity by gang under Juan Pablo Umanzor near Dipilto

   IR29.05.13: 5-6

  29.04.10 Zelaya, Felipe, Emilio Siles Mandador held & released, anciano killed by ED under Pedron M29.04.24
8 29.04.23 Vasquez, Jesus Statement to Hanneken from captured ED under Santos Vasquez & Pedron

IR29.05.13: 4

  29.04.24 Garcia, Juan Info on ED movement into Honduras by Nicaraguan living in Cifuentes IR29.05.12: 3
  29.05.14 Molina, Alejandro Statement of his activities with Sandino, Dec 1927 - Feb 1928; letters from prison, 1929, 1930 M29.05.14
  29.05.20 Perez, Moises Statement of coffee dealer charged with supplying rebels with clothing M29.05.20
  29.06.01 Davila, Toribio Information obtained from; captured by Hanneken & Escamilla at San Antonio, Jinotega           IR29.06.16: 8-10
  20.06.10 Trewin, Enrique Sacking of hacienda by "Pedron's crowd"           M29.06.10
9 29.07.17 Medina, Alejandro Information from rebel prisoner on ED jefes in San Juan de Telpaneca area IR29.07.28: 7-8
  29.07.17 Unknown  Statement of native held prisoner by Pedron for 15 days IR29.07.27: 3-4
  29.07.18 Capt. Geo. F. Stockes Biographical sketch of Jose Leon Diaz IR29.07.18: 10-11
  29.07.20 Herrera, Mercedes & J Info from brothers Mercedes & Jorge Herrera held captive by Peralta for 9 days - big rebel assembly IR29.07.28: 5-6
  30.01.29 Guatemala, Tomas Update on the rebel-turned-prisoner-turned-spy in Jinotega M30.01.29
10 30.01.31 Herrera, J. Salome Statement of schoolmaster on death of Dionisio Arteta, Colon Valley IR30.01.31: 20
  30.03.04 Blandon, Francisco & Roberto Vindel Statements by Jinotega citizens seized & released by Santos Vasquez group IR30.03.22: 10
  30.09.01 Castro, Moises Statement of bandit prisoner; implicated in crimes of Juan Boton M30.09.01
  30.09.18 Echevarria, Juan Declaration of GN Private involved in Telpaneca mutinies, 6 & 21 Oct 1929 M30.09.18
  30.09.23 Centeno Altamirano, Feliciano Surrender of Pedron's 'hijo político', with statement and newspaper articles M30.09.23
11 30.10.16 Gonzalez, Calixto Statement of captured member of Roque Vargas group, Quilali area M30.10.16
  30.11.19 Midence, Juan Chance encounter with Gen. Miguel Angel Ortez by a Pueblo Nuevo butcher, as reported to Lt Bales M30.11.19
  30.12.31 Lopez, Pilar & Felix Zambrana Declarations of captured rebels to GN, El Jicaro