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THIS IS THE HOMEPAGE
for over 2,150 digital images of hitherto unpublished archival documents relating to Nicaragua's Atlantic Coast
region in the time of the Sandino rebellion.
The collection houses materials from the
following repositories:
•
US National
Archives, Records of
the us Dept of
State (RG 84), the US Marines & Guardia Nacional
(RG 127) & THE MILITARY INTELLIGENCE DIVISION
(RG 165)
•
Marine Corps Research Center,
Quantico, VA
•
Library of Congress,
washington d.c.
•
Moravian CHURch Archives,
Bethlehem, PA
•
PUBLIC
RECORD OFFICE,
LONDON, UK
•
Virginia Military Institute,
lexington, va
•
Tulane University,
new orleans, la
•
Hemeroteca Nacional rubÉn
darÍo,
Managua
•
THE
INSTITUTO DE ESTUDIO DE
SANDINISMO,
LATER ABSORBED BY THE
IHNCA-UCA,
MANAGUA
•
Also included
are NEARLY 100 digital images of
relevant published materials, mANY
from Sandino's writings RELATING TO
THE COAST
•
with LINKS TO HISTORICAL
PHOTOGRAPHS of
some of the episodes described here, housed in
"ATL-COCO" IN
THE PHOTO PAGES (Photo
above right & this website's symbol for
these Atlantic Coast pages:
Boatmen in El Gallo,
Nicaragua, during the flood of 23-25
July 1928, from the photo album of
USMC Pfc. Fred Nelson, purchased on
eBay, collection of Michael J.
Schroeder)
The
collection begins immediately below and spans 53
webpages.
Right now, 687 documents are available in 1,350 JPEG
images on 30 webpages,
taking events through December 1930. Each
webpage also offers a critical introduction to the
documents it houses. When completed these
pages will house over
1,050 documents & over 2,250 document images.
What's not here now will appear upon publication of my
journal article, subtitled "Nicaragua’s Atlantic Coast
Region in the First Sandinista Revolution." A second set of webpages to accompany
this article will soon be
accessible here.
Many
of the documents here wewere photographed from photocopies
made by Dr. David C. Brooks on his visits to these various
repositories. I thank Dr. Brooks for generously sharing
his collection of Atlantic Coast materials. A good
number of others were dug out of the
archives and digitally
prepared for publication here by
Pleet Grant-funded Lebanon Valley College
student researchers Melissa Zellner
& Nicholas Quadrini, who I thank
for their excellent work. Many
thanks are also due to
Arnold Grant-funded Lebanon Valley
College student researchers Callan
D. Wendell & Morgan A. Hartmoyer
for their excellent work
transcribing documents.
To
facilitate navigation, this Atlantic Coast
document collection (ATL-docs) is organized into 12 chronological
sections, each covering a 6-month period. Each of
these 12 sections is subdivided into several webpages
(depending on the number of documents), with up to 50
document images per webpage. Where possible, each
individual document image is thumbnailed and can be
viewed as a JPEG file. All Atlantic Coast webpages
are accessible via the navigation box at the top &
bottom of every Atlantic Coast webpage (called "East
Coast" in the masthead because "Atlantic Coast" is
too long). Links to four historical maps
apappear at the top of every
compilation of documents. Authors' names are
highlighted in dark red, and documents more than two pages
long are numbered with large red letters.
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REFERENCES & CITATIONS
In
the likely event
that new documents are discovered
and added to this
collection, the specific
location and URL of
individual documents might
change. The best way
to cite these Atlantic Coast
Docs is thus not by specific
location or URL but
by date, author, and document image
number if needed, e.g.:
ATL-Docs
30.02.04 Linscott, p. 2
refers to the second image
for the Atlantic Coast
document of Feb. 4, 1930,
authored by Guardia Capt.
H. D. Linscott, which can be
found via the navigation box
for the first half of 1930 (chronological section no.
6, in shorthand 1930A).
NB: Because
two or more pages were
sometimes put together to
make a single photocopy in
order to save money in the
archives, the referenced
page number might not
correspond to the page
number of the original
document.
ARCHIVAL CITATIONS:
The archival citation is
usually part of the digital
image, either written on the
digitized photocopy, or
photographed on a little
card next to the document;
when it is not, the full
citation can be found in the
notes accompanying the
document image.
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PERIOD MAPS
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1894
mosquito shore
27
MB, library of congress
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1920s
Standard Fruit Co.
6.5 mb, US
National archives
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1928
Rio wanks Patrol
3 mb, us
national archives
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1931
Moravian
2.4 mb,
coMENius press
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1920.
Nicaragua,
Censo General de la República.
The year
1920 saw the first state-directed census
since the colonial period. Reading
left to right & top to bottom, the first four
pages are on all 13 departamentos
and two comarcas; the next 15
pages on the Departamento de Bluefields;
the next
four on the Comarca Cabo Gracias a
Dios, and the last page on the Comarca
San Juan del Norte.
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18
December 1923.
Complaints of Mosquito Indians,
US
Minister Ramer, Managua, to Secretary of
State, Washington D.C.
"...
Minister for Foreign Affairs informs me
the commission will hear only the
complaints of Mosquito Indians arising
from execution of the
Harrison-Altamirano treaty." Actual
complaints of Miskitu not included here.
NB:
The US State Department's
Decimal File 817.52 (reel 94 in
Microfilm 632, or M632) includes several
hundred pages of documents from 1923 to
1925 on the complaints of the Miskitu
Indians, on contract negotiations
between the Nicaraguan government and
Bragmans Bluff Lumber Company, and
related topics. In the interest of
economizing on space, these documents
are not included in these webpages.
For the State Department's inventory of
M632, see
USDS-DOCS.
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1.
8 July 1925.
Progress
Report from R.
Mahahan, Auditor,
Bragmans Bluff Lumber Company, Inc., to
John Miceli, Manager Foreign Divisions,
Bragmans Bluff Lumber Co., New Orleans
LA, p. 1.
"...Dear Mr.
Miceli ¶ I wish to
acknowledge receipt of your letter of
June 23rd, referring to details of
various work which was done here during
your absence, and of which I wrote you
in my letter on June 2nd. I have
read your letter very carefully, and
note what you have to say in reference
to the various documents; and since you
ask for information, I am trying to give
you in detail what I think you should be
interested in knowing: ¶
Dining Room and Messes: In this
particular department I wish to state
that last month I watched the operation
very closely and kept daily track of it,
and I am glad to say that for this month
of June while all three kitchens were
consolidated the net losses of Kitchen
No. 3 was $526.46, against a net loss of
$1,184.64 on Nos. 1, 2, and 3 Kitchens
for the month of May. You can see
that under this new system and new
stewardship we have effected the first
month a saving of $658.18. Now,
you can go back over the reports, or get
Mr. Amiss to show you, that we have been
practically losing every month an
average of $1,180.00 on operation of
these three kitchens. If we
continue to effect a saving of even
half, that will be a good deal better
than it was before. However, Mr.
O’Brien, the steward, tells me that he
thinks he will be able to gradually do
better little later on. ¶ As
for the private dining room for heads of
departments, which you have planned, I
am sorry to say that when this mess was
first opened, the flies and the heat
were such in the little dining room that
very little attention was given to it,
and most of the heads did not especially
care to eat there on account of the many
flies. As you know, we were
without screens at the time and could
not help matters much, and in that
particular instance the families of
employees practically took possession of
it, and interfered to a great extent
with the employee themselves getting
their meals during regular meal hours.
This has been adjusted, as since that
time they have to wait until the
employees are through with their meals
before they come to the table. We
have not enough room to accommodate them
all, and therefore thought it best to
let them have their meals after the
employees had finished. ...”
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2.
8 July 1925.
Progress
Report from R.
Mahahan, Auditor,
Bragmans Bluff Lumber Company, Inc., to
John Miceli, Manager Foreign Divisions,
Bragmans Bluff Lumber Co., New Orleans
LA, p. 2.
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3.
8 July 1925.
Progress
Report from R.
Mahahan, Auditor,
Bragmans Bluff Lumber Company, Inc., to
John Miceli, Manager Foreign Divisions,
Bragmans Bluff Lumber Co., New Orleans
LA, p. 3.
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4.
8 July 1925.
Progress
Report from R.
Mahahan, Auditor,
Bragmans Bluff Lumber Company, Inc., to
John Miceli, Manager Foreign Divisions,
Bragmans Bluff Lumber Co., New Orleans
LA, p. 4.
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5.
8 July 1925.
Progress
Report from R.
Mahahan, Auditor,
Bragmans Bluff Lumber Company, Inc., to
John Miceli, Manager Foreign Divisions,
Bragmans Bluff Lumber Co., New Orleans
LA, p. 5.
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6.
8 July 1925.
Progress
Report from R. Mahahan, Auditor,
Bragmans Bluff Lumber Company, Inc., to
John Miceli, Manager Foreign Divisions,
Bragmans Bluff Lumber Co., New Orleans
LA, p. 6.
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7.
8 July 1925.
Progress
Report from R.
Mahahan, Auditor,
Bragmans Bluff Lumber Company, Inc., to
John Miceli, Manager Foreign Divisions,
Bragmans Bluff Lumber Co., New Orleans
LA, p. 7.
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9 September
1925.
Telegram from US Minister C. Eberhardt,
Managua, to Secretary of State,
Washington D.C., p. 1.
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9 September
1925.
Telegram from US Minister C. Eberhardt,
Managua, to Secretary of State,
Washington D.C., p. 2.
“... has arrived,
he feels can be prevented by the
precautionary measure of timely visits
of American was vessels. He feels
also that this substantial display of
American interest in and determination
to support the constitutional government
even after the marines have been
withdrawn should be of invaluable
assistance to him. Major Carter,
many Nicaraguans, the American colony,
as well as myself support the President
in this belief. ¶ Eberhardt”
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1 February
1926.
General Information Sheet, Bluefields
Consular District,
US Consulate,
Bluefields, Nicaragua (revised Feb.
1926).
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13 May 1926.
"The Revolution,"
Telegram from US Consul A. J. McConnico,
Bluefields, to the Secretary of State,
Washington D.C., p. 1.
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13 May 1926.
"The Revolution,"
Telegram from US Consul A. J. McConnico,
Bluefields, to the Secretary of State,
Washington D.C., p. 2.
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29 May 1926.
Telegram from US Consul A. J. McConnico,
Bluefields, to the Secretary of State,
Washington D.C., p. 1.
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23 June
1926.
Letter from unknown (34 yr resident
on the Coast) to Mr. William L. McKee,
Treasurer, A. W. Tedcastle Company,
Boston MA, p. 1.
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23 June
1926.
Letter from
unknown
(34 yr resident
on the Coast) to Mr. William L. McKee,
Treasurer, A. W. Tedcastle Company,
Boston MA, p. 2.
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23 August
1926.
Telegram from US Consul A. J. McConnico,
Bluefields, to the Secretary of State,
Washington D.C.
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30 August
1926.
Memorandum by REC, Division of
Latin-American Affairs, Dept. of State,
re conversation with Mr. Fred W. Salmen,
Vice President of Bragmans Bluff Lumber
Co.
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31 August
1926.
Telegram from US Consul A. J. McConnico,
Bluefields, to the Secretary of State,
Washington D.C.
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31 August
1926.
Telegram from US Consul A. J. McConnico,
Bluefields, to the Secretary of State,
Washington D.C.
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1.
14 September
1926.
Information regarding Mr. Leon Frank of
Bluefields, Nicaragua, from
Lt. Homer F.
McGee, USN, to Commanding Officer,
Landing Forces, p. 1.
Description
of Leon Frank from the 1932 US Electoral
Commission character sketches of
prominent individuals: "FRANK,
Leon. Liberal; Bluefields. Jew. Height
5'9", weight 165 lbs., dark hair and
eyes, ruddy face, stocky physique.
Character, unfavorable. Manager and part
owner of the Bluefields Tanning Company
of Carlos Pasos & Company. Is married to
a native Creole and associates with the
colored race. Has many personal enemies.
Has assisted the Liberal Party with
contributions of money, provisions, and
transportation, and done everything to
block the Conservatives. Does not
cooperate with the American officials.
Is underhanded and bears watching." (Sec.
Navy Gen. Corresp., 1925-1940, EF-49,
Box 2010).
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2.
14 September
1926.
Information regarding Mr. Leon Frank of
Bluefields, Nicaragua, from
Lt. Homer F.
McGee, USN, to Commanding Officer,
Landing Forces, p. 2.
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3.
14 September
1926.
Information regarding Mr. Leon Frank of
Bluefields, Nicaragua, from
Lt. Homer F.
McGee, USN, to Commanding Officer,
Landing Forces, p. 3.
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14 September
1926.
Letter from Leon Frank,
Bluefields, to
US Consul A. J. McConnico, Bluefields.
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14
September 1926.
Letter
from
J. Oliver Thomas,
Schooner, Cay Station,
to Mrs. Anna Crowdell, Bluefields
(photocopy of envelope, part of Anna
Crowdell Papers).
In the words of
historian David
C. Brooks, Mrs. Anna Crowdell was a
"prominent Bluefields Creole who had
sympathized with the Conservatives in
the past, but by 1926 had swung over to
the Liberals' side. Crowdell was
the daughter of an [Austrian] sea captain and
a Creole woman from Bluefields. By
the time of the intervention [in early
1927], she was in her fifties and had
achieved a kind of informal position, as
Charles Hale has put it, as the
grande dame
of Bluefields' Creole society [Hale,
Resistance and Contradiction,
p. 84, fn. 59]. Part of her
influence derived from her connection
with the British. She owned the
main hotel in Bluefields where the towns
British Consul, Owen Rees, made his
residence. Crowdell cultivated a
very close personal and political
relationship with Rees. In
addition, Mrs. Crowdell used her hotel
for civic purposes, sponsoring social
and cultural evenings for members of
Bluefields' Creole community.
Using her business as a base, Mrs.
Crowdell became an active player in
local politics. Though she enjoyed
an elite status within Bluefields
society, she also maintained strong
contacts with the local Miskito Indian
communities. As one Marine report
put it, she was "a leading figure among
the Indians on the Coast and knows most
of them personally." Brooks,
"Revolution from Without," pp. 275-76.
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14
September 1926.
Letter from
J. Oliver Thomas,
Schooner, Cay Station,
to Mrs. Anna Crowdell, Bluefields
(transcription of original, part of Anna
Crowdell Papers).
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14
September 1926.
Letter from
J. Oliver Thomas,
Schooner, Cay Station,
to Mrs. Anna Crowdell, Bluefields (p. 1
of photocopy of original; remaining
pages of original missing, part of Anna
Crowdell Papers).
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1.
15 September
1926.
Disappearance of the power boat VENCEDOR
owned by Mr. Leon Frank on 13 Sept.
1926, from W. N. Richardson, Jr.,
Commanding Officer, Bluefields, to
Commanding Officer, USS Galveston,
Bluefields, p. 1.
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2.
15 September
1926.
Disappearance of the power boat VENCEDOR
owned by Mr. Leon Frank on 13 Sept.
1926, from W. N. Richardson, Jr.,
Commanding Officer, Bluefields, to
Commanding Officer, USS Galveston,
Bluefields, p. 2.
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3.
15 September
1926.
Disappearance of the power boat VENCEDOR
owned by Mr. Leon Frank on 13 Sept.
1926, from W. N. Richardson, Jr.,
Commanding Officer, Bluefields, to
Commanding Officer, USS Galveston,
Bluefields, p. 3.
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17
October 1926.
Letter from
J. Oliver Thomas,
Rio Grande, to Mrs. Anna Crowdell,
Bluefields (transcription, part of Anna
Crowdell Papers).
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18
November 1926.
Letter from
J. Oliver
Thomas, Hospital, to Mrs. Anna Crowdell,
Bluefields (photocopy of original, part
of Anna Crowdell Papers).
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18
November 1926.
Letter from
J. Oliver
Thomas, Hospital, to Mrs. Anna Crowdell,
Bluefields (transcription, part of Anna
Crowdell Papers).
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20 September
1926.
Letter from US Consul A. J. McConnico,
Bluefields, to the Secretary of State,
Washington D.C.
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5 October
1926.
Declaration of Stephen Milon,
Bluefields, p. 1.
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5 October
1926.
Declaration of Stephen Milon,
Bluefields, p. 2.
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7 October
1926.
Letter from Julia E. Thomas, Bluefields,
to US Consul A. J. McConnico,
Bluefields, p. 1
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7 October
1926.
Letter from Julia E. Thomas,
Bluefields,
to US Consul A. J. McConnico,
Bluefields, p. 2.
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8 October
1926.
Letter of protest from
Dr. J. M.
Marchand, Bluefields, to US Consul A. J.
McConnico, Bluefields, p. 1.
Description of Dr.
Marchand from the 1932 US Electoral
Commission character sketches of
prominent individuals: "Dr. J.
M. Marchand: Liberal; Bluefields.
American citizen. White, height 5'6",
weight 165 lbs, grey hair, blue eyes,
clean shaven. Slender red face.
Physician. Character, fair. Very good
doctor. Drinks to excess and was
discharged by the La Luz and Los Angeles
Mining Company and the Cuyamel Fruit Co.
as the result of his heavy drinking. Was
born in New Orleans, speaks French,
Spanish and English. Has a disagreeable
nature and is unscrupulous. Rendered
much service to the sick and wounded in
the Liberal Army during the late
revolution. Is anti-American. Graduate
of the Medical College of the University
of Pennsylvania." (Sec. Navy
Gen. Corresp., 1925-1940, EF-49, Box
2010).
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8 October
1926.
Letter of protest from
Dr. J. M.
Marchand, Bluefields, to US Consul A. J.
McConnico, Bluefields, p. 2.
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11 October
1926.
Report by Stabler, USDS, Washington
D.C., to the Secretary of State,
Washington D.C., p. 1.
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11 October
1926.
Report by Stabler,
USDS, Washington
D.C., to the Secretary of State,
Washington D.C., p. 2.
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25 October
1926.
Letter from Samuel Weil, Bluefields, to
US Consul A. J. McConnico, Bluefields,
p. 1.
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25 October
1926.
Letter from Samuel Weil, Bluefields, to
US Consul A. J. McConnico, Bluefields,
p. 2.
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1.
29
November 1926.
Letter from
Edward O. Ingram,
Rio Grande, to Mrs. Anna Crowdell,
Bluefields, p. 1 (photocopy of
original, part of Anna Crowdell Papers),
p. 1.
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2.
29
November 1926.
Letter from
Edward O. Ingram,
Rio Grande, to Mrs. Anna Crowdell,
Bluefields, p. 2 (photocopy of
original, part of Anna Crowdell Papers),
p. 2.
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3.
29
November 1926.
Letter from
Edward O. Ingram,
Rio Grande, to Mrs. Anna Crowdell,
Bluefields (transcription, part of Anna
Crowdell Papers), p. 3.
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