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1.  February 22, 1910.  G. E. Rourk, et al., Matagalpa, to Rear Admiral W. W. Kimball, Corinto, p. 1.   [REPRODUCED AT THE NATIONAL ARCHIVES] ¶  "Matagalpa, February 22nd, / 1910. ¶ TO THE REAR ADMIRAL U.S. NAVY, ¶ W.W. KIMBALL, Retired, ¶ U.S.S. ALBANY, Flagship, ¶ Corinto, Nic. ¶ Most Respected SIR:- ¶ In the conviction that the Admiral, commanding the Nicaraguan Expedionary [Expeditionary] Squadron, should be fully informed as to the actual occurrences transpiring in this Department to the detriment of American and other foreign interests of this locality, endangering the lives and liberties of the foreign residents here, and with a view to the necessity of apprising the Admiral of the existing state of affairs here, we respectfully submit him the following clear and straightforward communication. ¶ The expression employed by Admiral Kimball, bearing date of Jan. 22, 1910, in his note of warning, addressed to the American citizens, residing in Nicaragua, published later in “El Comercio” in both English and Spanish, has given rise to considerable anxiety among the American residents of Matagalpa. WE have no knowledge of the existence of any “so called American interests” and consequently fail to comprehend the application of the term employed. It is impossible for us to believe, as is claimed by the Natives, that the Admiral was referring directly to the property rights and other interests of American residents of this Department, which interests have all been legally and properly acquired, all requisite formalities having been in all cases undergone in accordance with the laws governing same, all legal requirements having been necessarily complied with to obtain absolute ownership, as defined and governed by the Law of the land. ¶ The undersigned respectfully request the Admiral to define the meaning or reference of the expression “so called American interests” used in his notice. We have been forced to take this action by reason of the effect which has been produced upon the Civil and Military authorities of this place, and upon the public in general, through their interpretation of the message. Their conception of the meaning of the notice, is resulting in the manifestation of a sentiment, and the adoption of an attitude on the part of the Natives, that is proving extremely inimical to the security of American rights and interests in this Department. Only since the publication of the Admiral’s notice, has the expression “Death to the foreigners” been shouted publicly on the streets, by the Government troops and their officials. ¶ The Americans have been told repeatedly by the troops and Native residents here, that Americans and their interests will no longer be protected by the U.S. Government; their claim is that they have authority for entertaining this belief in the wording of Admiral Kimball’s notice. ¶ In support of our statement as to the existence of a strong sentiment of antagonism to the foreign interests and to American residents here, we beg leave to respectfully direct the Admiral’s attention to the “Ibis” of the 13th and 20th of February, and to “El Bombo” of the 21st of February, 1910, and in corroboration of our claim that the attitude of the authorities, so prejudicial to American and other foreign interests here, as shown by their recently adopted policy toward us, has been made most manifestly patent to us by their commitment of acts of the most malicious intent, constituting an aggravated form of persecution, in flagrant violation of the letter of exemptions given in writing, and the promises of their spoken and written word, even when signed by the chief executive of the ruling faction, Jose Madriz. ¶ To particularize a few of the many instances of this unwarranted, wanton and malicious persecution, we respectfully refer the Admiral to a contemplation of the few, which we will hereby specify, of the numerous acts of violation of property, to wit: On two occasions flagrant violations of property rights have been committed against Mr. A. Sullivan, on which occasions his doors, posted with written exemptions signed by the authorities, were . . . "

2.   February 22, 1910.  G. E. Rourk, et al., Matagalpa, to Rear Admiral W. W. Kimball, Corinto, p. 2.    " . . . broken in and his servants taken out or run off, leaving coffee to the value of more than Six Thousand Dollars Gold without protection or security, notwithstanding the fact that his servants were in possession of written exemptions from the same commanding authorities at the time; abuses of the same nature have been committed against Mr. G.E. Rourk, in the face of written exemptions obtained by him for his buildings, and pasted on the doors. In short nearly all the Americans here have suffered more or less in this manner. Two violations of property and all other rights have been committed on the property of The Minnesota & Nicaragua Coffee Co., when the invading trespassers cut the wires and smashed in the gates of the place and the doors of the buildings in the middle of the night, indulged in the diversion of discharging firearms all over the premises, and either captured or ran off all his working force, for all of whom had been secured exemptions from molestation. ¶ An act of most malicious persecution was perpetrated the 19th of February, 1910, against the Messrs. Potter Bros., on which occasion their plantation was entered by an armed force, their buildings surrounded, about one hundred rifle shots fired, some of which passed through the buildings, the force of invaders even firing on the women who were endeavoring to escape, about twenty of the workers on the place were captured and taken away, while the remainder of about thirty, as also the working force of the adjoining property owned by Mr. L. Boedeker, were frightened off. The malicious intent of the act last cited will be better appreciated by a knowledge of the fact that the places of the Messrs. Potter and Mr. Boedeker, situated as they are in the “Arenal” are at the present time in the most urgent need of all their help, in order to pick their crops, which owing to the peculiar climatic characteristics of that locality, are the latest in ripening and last to be harvested in the schedule of Matagalpa coffee plantations. The respective owners of these last-named plantations cannot now hope to succeed in harvesting more than about 25% of this year’s crop, which is estimated at about six thousand sacks of the best grade of coffee. ¶ When Mr. G.E. Rourk was sent as special messenger by our Consular Agent here to our Consul in Managua, there being at that time no other means of communication, he carried safe-conduct passports from our Consular Agent and the authorities in command of Matagalpa. Notwithstanding this fact, and after showing his papers and having been allowed to pass, General Portocarrera sent an armed force of five to apprehend him and bring him back. This force failing to take him an armed and mounted force of twenty-five were sent to take him and shoot him on the road, and to represent that he had been shot while stealing past picket posts at night. This measure having likewise failed through being unable to overtake Mr. Rourk on the road, General Portocarrera gave orders to ambush and shoot Mr. Rourk and anyone who might accompany him on his return trip from Managua. On the return trip Mr. Rourk was accompanied by Mr. Jose de Olivares, our American Consul, and the intended assassination was not effected solely for the reason that the travellers first came upon the force commanded by Col. Tijerino, who being a personal friend of Mr. Rourk and unwilling to carry out orders to assassinate which he may have received from Portocarrera, provided a body-guard for Mr. Olivares and Mr. Rourk and had them escorted through the lines to safety. ¶ The act of violation of all rights committed on the premises of the Foreigners’ Club on the 8th of February, manifested particular venom and malignancy. The property was broken into, a forcible entrance effected and the boy in charge, who had a special exemption as administrator of the Foreigners’ Club was made prisoner. This was done without a word of warning to any of the sixty members of the club, and was done when the club was closed, taking advantage of the absense [absence] of the members. On the same day a forcible entrance was effected by the Government troops into the general coffee depository of the foreigners; these troops captured the men in charge, and left the place abandoned, with Fourty [Forty] Thousand Dollars Gold worth of coffee on the premises. ¶ The above cited cases are only a very few of the numerous instances of abuses, malicious persecutions and acts of violence to which the foreigners . . . "

3.   February 22, 1910.  G. E. Rourk, et al., Matagalpa, to Rear Admiral W. W. Kimball, Corinto, p. 3.   " . . . have been subjected and will continue to be subjected, without any hope of relief or protection in the future, unless a more vigorous policy be adopted by the State and War Departments of the United States in the matter of protecting Americans and American interests in this country. A recountal of all the abuses and persecutions meted out to Americans here would compose a volume, and we ernestly [earnestly] solicit of the Admiral a thorough investigation of the statements made in this communication, and that he extend us an opportunity to relate, fully and completly [completely] all we have suffered to date and that during the continuance of the present state of political turmoil, the Admiral afford us or commission us some competent authority to witness for the Navy Department the further probable occurrences in Matagalpa of acts of violence and abuse. With all due respect for the Admiral, we are, most sincerely, ¶  [signed]  P.C. Rourk, J. Hawkins ¶ S. C. Richardson, W. H. DeSavigny ¶ Alejo Sullivan, Frank A. Sweetser ¶ A. B. DeSavigny, William B. Richardson ¶ Arthur Werrar, Raymond M. Hawkins ¶ N. Delany, Guy E. Rourk ¶ A. Frauenberger, Grey. Weimar ¶ Elisio R. Macy "

February 23, 1910.  William B. Richardson, Matagalpa, to Rear Admiral W. W. Kimball, Corinto.   "Matagalpa, 23 of February, 1910. ¶ TO THE REAR ADMIRAL U.S. NAVY, ¶ W.W. Kimball, Retired, ¶ U.S.S. Albany, Flagship, ¶ Corinto, Nic. ¶ Most Respected SIR:- ¶ On the 11th day of February, 1910, the forces of the Government, under the command of Generals Lara and Chavarria, took possession of my Cattle Ranch, “Abay”, and occupied said place, until the morning of February 16th, during which time, they killed from ten to fourteen head of cattle to feed to the troops, all of which were from my place, and all cattle of the Holstein breed. By my count they have killed in all thirty-two head of cattle, my last account of the stock having been taken on the 15th of January. The heads of twenty cows are still in sight in my pastures. In order to enter the place they broke the door where I had left the American flag, put up the 11th of February. They took from the building all my kitchen utensils, saddles, ropes and lassos, and took with them, six mules and two horses, of my property besides three riding animals belonging to other parties. On the fifteenth of February, at 6.30 A.M. I met the Generals Lara, Chavaria [Chavarria] and Ramirez, at my place, and they said they had killed my cattle only, as they were closer than any others, and that they would be paid for in full upon the presentation of my account to the Government. ¶ I have advised the President of the Republic of my loss, who has answered me, promising that everything would be settled. The loss of my cows which would soon be fresh with calves, cannot be replaced, as they would have given me milk during the dry season. The damage done to the fences, corrals, houses and pastures is heavy and to all this there are many witnesses, both natives and foreigners, as the place is only half a league from Matagalpa, and on the main road. Acting on the promise of President Madriz, I have invited the Political head of this Department, and the Chief of Police, the two highest political authorities of Matagalpa, to name a competent person to investigate my losses and appraise the value of same, which they have refused to do, or take any recognition of, stating that the troops couldn’t have molested any foreigner’s property. I have refrained from making any note of the losses I have sustained in the document which the Americans in a body have addressed to the Admiral, for the reason that until a late hour today, upon the refusal of the authorities here to take any cognisance of my loss, there had not been manifested any spirit of malignant intent in my case, as every one appealed to in the matter had given me every assurance that my losses would be recognised and settled for in full. Since I have been unable to get the authorities to even arrange for an equitable appraisement of my loss, their determination to ignore my claims and avoid making payment for same is only too apparent and on a par with the policy they have pursued throughout with the Americans and other foreign residents of Matagalpa. ¶ With all due respect and consideration for the Admiral, I am, ¶ Very Truly Yours, ¶ William B. Richardson"

1. November 2, 1912.  Report on Matagalpa Expedition.  USMC Colonel  J. H. Pendleton, Managua, to Admiral W. H. B. Southerland, Commander-in-Chief, U.S. Pacific Fleet, Corinto, p. 1.     "Headquarters First Prov. Regiment, ¶ U. S. Marines, ¶ Camp Weitzel, Managua, Nicaragua, ¶ November 2, 1912. ¶ From: Colonel, U.S.M.C., Commanding. ¶ To: Commander-in-Chief, U.S. Pacific Fleet, Corinto, Nic. ¶ Subject: Report on Matagalpa Expedition. ¶ 1. In obedience to orders from the Commander-in-Chief, a mounted expedition of officers, marines and bluejackets was assembled at La Paz Viejo, coming from Granada, Managua and Leon, on October 18, 1912. This party was composed of seven (7) officers and thirty-four (34) enlisted men, as follows: ¶ Colonel, J. H. Pendleton, U.S.M.C. ¶ Paymaster T. H. Hicks, U.S.N. ¶ Major S. D. Butler, U.S.M.C. ¶ 2nd Lieut. Ray S. Geiger, U.S.M.C. ¶ 2nd Lieut. Alfred McC. Robbins, U.S.M.C. ¶ 2nd Lieut. George C. DeNeale, U.S.M.C., ¶ Ensign H. C. Train, U.S.N. ¶ One (1) Hospital Steward, U.S.N. ¶ Two (2) Sergeants, U.S.M.C. ¶ Three (3) Corporals, U.S.M.C. ¶ One (1) Trumpeter, U.S.M.C. ¶ Nineteen (19) Privates, U.S.M.C. ¶ One (1) Boatswain, Mate, U.S.N. ¶ One (1) Coxswain, U.S.N. ¶ Six (6) Seamen, U.S.N. ¶ Of the bluejackets, three (3) were from the California, three (3) from the Colorado, and two (2) from the Annapolis. The Marines were from the three battalions of the regiment. ¶ 2. There were also in the party Mr. Ignatius O’Reardon, Mr. J. A. Willey, two Americans acquainted with the Matagalpa district, who came as guides and who were invaluable in their assistance to us, also Colonel Diaz and Colonel Vargas of the Nicaraguan Forces, and six (6) native packers. ¶ 3. The riding and packing animals were furnished by the Nicaraguan Government and were in very bad condition, having been used by the Nicaraguan troops during the late trouble. ¶ 4. The start for Matagalpa was made at 12:30 p.m., on Saturday, October 19, 1912, and the day’s march of 21 miles ended at 6:30 p.m., at Santa Rosa, where camp was made for the night; the road was good though rough in places. ¶ 5. We left Santa Rosa at 8:30 a.m., and reached Panama at 6:00 p.m., a distance of 25 miles. The times given are for the column of mounted men; the pack train was of course, later; but under the most efficient direction of the pack-master, Ensign Train, made remarkably good time and was thoroughly well handled. . . . "

2. November 2, 1912.    Report on Matagalpa Expedition.  USMC Colonel  J. H. Pendleton, Managua, to Admiral W. H. B. Southerland, Commander-in-Chief, U.S. Pacific Fleet, Corinto, p. 2.   " . . . ¶  6. Fresh animals met us at Panama, having been sent by the residents of Matagalpa; which was very fortunate, as most of the animals furnished by the Nicaraguan Government were in such shape that they could not have finished the trip. Mules were also sent by the Jefe Politico of Jenatega [Jinotega?], but were not needed for this part of the trip, so were sent to Matagalpa for use on the return trip if necessary. ¶ 7. We left Panama at 7:10 a.m., and reached Real de la Cruz at 11:45 a.m., a distance of 17 miles. The road was good but sticky in places. A young steer was purchased here for beef for the troops by our very satisfactory Commissary, Pay Inspector Hicks, U.S. Navy, who acted as Quartermaster and Commissary of the Expedition. A fine stream of water near our camping place gave the men an opportunity for bathing and washing. ¶ 8. We left Real de la Cruz at 7:45 a.m., and marched to Sebaco, 14 miles, over a fair road, soft in spots, reaching this place at 11:00 a.m. The column being fresh and the weather fine, I decided to make the remaining 19 miles to Matagalpa after a rest of an hour and a quarter. ¶ 9. The road from Sebaco to Matagalpa was in good condition and we reached Matagalpa at 4:45 p.m. We were met outside of the town by the Jefe Politico and about 70 Americans and other residents, all mounted; and after a most enthusiastic, cordial reception, they escorted us to the town where the men were quartered comfortably in a Jefetura. The three senior officers were quartered in the house of Mr. Spencer C. Richardson, Acting U.S. Consular Agent, and the four junior officers were quartered in the lower floor of the Masonic Temple, where rooms are provided by the local lodge for the accommodation of their visiting members. ¶ 10. On entering the town the Nicaraguan flag was carried by a squad of Nicaraguan soldiers at the head of the escort. Our flag was carried at the head of the American column by Sergeant Edward Townsend, with a color guard consisting of Private John Kreager of the Third Battalion, U.S. Marines and Seaman Dick Neubauer of the “California”. ¶ 11. The next day was a beautiful one till late afternoon, when a heavy shower of rain fell. The men were swimming and washing in the Matagalpa River and visiting in the town, where they were cordially received, and behaved unexceptionably, as in fact, they did throughout the whole trip, thoroughly satisfying every possible demand that could be required of decent, honest American manhood – as of course was to be expected of our bluejackets and marines. ¶ 12. The Jefe Politico called on me and offered every courtesy. During our stay he furnished us with beef, water and fire wood -- positively refusing to take any compensation for any of these. ¶ 13. A most unfortunate circumstance occured [occurred] this afternoon . . . "

3.  November 2, 1912.    Report on Matagalpa Expedition.  USMC Colonel  J. H. Pendleton, Managua, to Admiral W. H. B. Southerland, Commander-in-Chief, U.S. Pacific Fleet, Corinto, p. 3.    " . . .  through the tactless action of Mr. Emerson, the American Gentleman, who is engaged in map work for our War Department. He brought to Matagalpa as guide, a certain Alfonso Valle, who has been a so-called General of Rebels, during the late trouble. Feeling against this man in Matagalpa was very bitter, particularly amongst the Americans and other Foreigners, whom, it was reported, this man had threatened with death and mutilation in case his forces succeeded in the insurrection. The Jefe Politico wished to arrest this man, but finding that he had a passport from Colonel Long, I refused to allow this; but as I was assured by the best element of the American residents that this man’s presence was extremely distasteful, and that they feared that there might be at least a demonstration in the city, I have him assylum [asylum] in the barracks where my men were quartered, and, of course, the best of treatment. This seemed satisfactory to everybody concerned -- including Mr. Emerson -- who expressed himself to me to that effect. Mr. Emerson left the same morning as ourselves. ¶ 14. The next day, Thursday, all the officers except Second Lieutenant Robbins, who was left in command of the camp, slightly abraded, and four orderlies, rode, by invitation, to the Leonese mine, a property owned largely by American, English and Australian capital. ¶ 15. After meeting some of the Americans and other foreigners here, we were conducted by Mr. Hawkins, an American coffee planter, over one of his haciendas and had the mysteries of coffee planting, growing and curing explained to us. Following this came a banquet at the mines, which approached a Roman feast in the quantity, quality and diversity of its viands -- the best of good feeling prevailed and the action of the Commander-in-Chief in sending this force of Americans to this district was enthusiastically toasted and sincerely applauded. ¶ 16. After a visit to the mines, which is a cyanide proposition now dropping ten stamps, and preparing to drop ten more, on what seemed to be a well developed ledge of reputed twelve dollar rock, we went to the manager’s house for afternoon tea. After tea we divided into four parties -- Lieutenant De Neale, who had been detailed for the road sketching, remained with Mr. O’Reardon, to do up the finished sketch, which work proved very satisfactorily performed. ¶ 17. Mr. O’Reardon left us here, as the business which he had long neglected, to do most valuable work for the U.S. Forces, without thought of a reward, demanded his attention. His stay with us had been most pleasant, and his help in mapping and guiding most cheerfully given and was invaluable in its thoroughness. ¶ 18. The other parties -- Pay Inspector Hicks and Second Lieutenant Geiger and Colonel Diaz, went to Mr. De Savigney’s coffee hacienda for the night, Major Butler and Ensign Train went to that of Mr. Fromberger, and Mr. Willey and I went to hacienda of Mr. Hawkins.  . . . "

4. November 2, 1912.    Report on Matagalpa Expedition.  USMC Colonel  J. H. Pendleton, Managua, to Admiral W. H. B. Southerland, Commander-in-Chief, U.S. Pacific Fleet, Corinto, p. 4.   " . . . ¶ 19. After a most delightful evening and night spent with these good friends -- and it may be known, here, that each party felt sure that they had the best of it, and the next day tried to convince the other to this effect -- the three parties reunited and proceeded to the hacienda of Mr. Spencer C. Richardson, where we were delightfully entertained at luncheon. ¶ 20. After luncheon we rode over to Mr. Richardson’s place through some of the most beautiful scenery in the world, and then over that of Mr. Guy Rourk, and returned to Matagalpa, which most picturesquely situated little city, we entered just as “the sunset and moonrise were blended into one”. ¶ 21. The next day was spent with our new found friends of Matagalpa, and in the evening a reception and ball was given in honor of the visiting American officers. The Foreigners Club was prettily decorated, and the fact that about one hundred and twenty men and ladies remained until three o’clock Sunday morning testifies to the success of the affair. ¶ 22. Sunday we rested for the next day’s start -- the weather was unsettled, with heavy rains in the mountains. Between showers the American Colony entertained us with unique horse racing. The next morning we left for the return journey, the weather in the meantime had been changing, but I thought that we could make through by Matapa and Tipitapa, thus avoiding the steamer trip across Lake Managua -- Jefe Politico, the Mayor de Plaza and at least forty or fifty of the residents, native and foreign, mounted and rode with us some four or five miles, where goodbyes were said. ¶ 23. We left at 9:30 a.m. and arrived at Sebaco at 2:30 p.m. 19 miles, where we spent the night. ¶ 24. On the return trip, Lieutenant Geiger took the mapping work, under Lieutenant DeNeale’s tuition. The result of this and other mapping work will be forwarded later, together with some intelligence report that may be of value. We left Sebaco at 7:40 a.m. and marched over heavy trails, which would be very good in dry weather, to Matapa, 13 miles. ¶ 25. The rain continued to fall that night and the next morning, and the streams were reported as above fording height, and the trails to Tipitapa impassable. As this condition might last several days, I finally made the decision to go by the San Francisco trail -- over the mountains, 2800 feet, and thence by steamer to Managua -- which is the route originally discussed as a possible one of return. It is a picturesque route, and the only one in that direction to take in rainy weather, but it is mountainous and very difficult. We arrived in Trujillo, 14 miles, at 1:45 p.m., after five hours of hard going. We spent the night here. Leaving at 7:10 a.m., we marched 18 miles of rough mountain trails and deep, sticky adobe, llanos to San Francisco, in a heavy rain. We arrived at 1:45 p.m., pack train about 2:40 p.m. ¶ 26. The steamer “Managua” which had been sent by the Nica- . . . "

5. November 2, 1912.    Report on Matagalpa Expedition.  USMC Colonel  J. H. Pendleton, Managua, to Admiral W. H. B. Southerland, Commander-in-Chief, U.S. Pacific Fleet, Corinto, p. 5.   " . . . raguan government to meet us and which left Managua at 10:30 a.m. reached San Francisco, without wood enough for the return voyage, at 7 p.m. The rain came down in torrents nearly all night, and everyone was soaked to the skin for the second time in twenty-four hours. After stopping at a wood station until 9 a.m. and procuring one small boat load of wood, we proceeded to Managua, which place was reached at 11 a.m. ¶ 27. The animals we started with were ordered by telephone to be sent from Panama to Metapa, but most of them were useless for the return trip and were delivered to the Commandante of that place. The remaining animals, from Granada, Masaya, Managua, Leon, Matagalpa and Jinotega, were delivered to the Commandante at San Francisco, with orders to send all those belonging to this side of the lake to Managua, whence they will be returned to the places from which they were brought. ¶ 28. I believe that this trip did a great deal of good. It has taught something to every member of the expedition. It has shown the Nicaraguan people that the American is a versatile personage, who may be dependedupon [depended upon] to go anywhere, at any time, if necessity demands. And it has surely impressed the people of all classes (as the Commander-in-Chief desired should be done) with the idea that the United States government does not intend longer to tolerate Central American Revolutions, such as have been almost constant in this distressed country for more than twenty years. ¶ 29. We found the Matagalpa district rich in possibilities; the mines seem to be well worth working. Coffee is an established industry; this year’s crop should be a record one, probably reaching 60,000 sacks of 100 pounds each. Rubber, cocoa and sugar are successfully experimented with. Corn, beans, oranges, lemons and bananas are staple products, as are also potatoes and onions. ¶ 30. The camping places along both these routes, and I am informed on the other routes, are mostly farms, whose buildings are capable of giving shelter to about fifty people; water and pasturage may be obtained at them all, and a few provisions. ¶ 31. A small party, half a dozen men, could travel easily without rations. More than fifty should carry shelter. An American force such as is now contemplated to be left indefinitely in Nicaragua, four hundred men, should have fifty of the largest native horses for saddle animals. These should be fully equipped and shod all around; forty large native mules with full pack equipments should be provided; these mules should be shod all around and should be in charge of an American packmaster, and the men of the battalion should be exercised in riding, packing and caring for these animals. It would be well if all the animals were equipped for pack purposes, so that the whole battalion could march afoot, the animals packing the stores. During the rainy season the roads are impracticable for carts. The road from La Paz Viejo is the best to take at any season. ¶ 32. The untouched riches of this country could be wonderfully developed by a railroad from La Paz Viejo or from Momotombo. . . . " 

6. November 2, 1912.    Report on Matagalpa Expedition.  USMC Colonel  J. H. Pendleton, Managua, to Admiral W. H. B. Southerland, Commander-in-Chief, U.S. Pacific Fleet, Corinto, p. 6.   " . . . ¶ Mr. Willey has surveyed from both places to Matagalpa with a 2% grade. This road would give wonderful progress to this country, and extending it twenty miles of easy engineering to the north and east, would open up a country of wonderful richness; Coffee, cocoa and rubber, covering between four and five million acres. ¶ 33. I wish to add a word of commendation for all the officers and men engaged on this expedition, their cheerful demeanor under trying circumstances was most noticeable, and their readiness and adaptability would astonish anyone who had not learned by years of experience and association the remarkable characteristics of the American military men -- particularly those of the Navy and the Marine Corps. They all fully deserve the confidence that the Commander-in-Chief reposed in them when he planned this expedition, the first of its kind in the history of this country. ¶ (sgd.) J. H. Pendleton."

1. November 14, 1912.   Admiral W. H. B. Southerland, off Corinto, to the Secretary of the Navy, Washington, p. 1.  "UNITED STATES PACIFIC FLEET ¶ U.S.S. CALIFORNIA ¶ Off Corinto, Nicaragua, November, 14, 1912. ¶ From: Commander-in-Chief, U.S. Pacific Fleet. ¶ To: Secretary of the Navy, (Division of Operations) ¶ Subject: Operations in Nicaragua. ¶ 1. Upon this, the date of sailing for San Diego of the vessels of the Pacific Fleet, conditions in Nicaragua are more settled than for many years past, which is due to our late military operations, to the fact that we are leaving a small military force in the heart of the most disturbed district, and to the excellent impression our officers and men are making on these people. ¶ 2. Referring to paragraph 7 or my No. 229-C of November 4, 1912, I have to state that after making clear my reasons for recommending that the larger part of the force remaining in this country should be stationed at Leon to our Minister, he wrote me, under date of November 6, 1912, as follows: ¶ “After reading your letter of the 2nd instant I am, of course, of your opinion as to the advisability of retaining the forces in Nicaragua in the manner suggested by you”. ¶ This places the Minister and myself in thorough accord. ¶ 3. I will not make any definite recommendation at this time as to how long it will be necessary to retain a force in Nicaragua as time alone can tell, and Lieutenant Colonel C.G. Long, U.S.M.C., will hereafter be the best judge. The retention of a small force in Nicaragua until the newly elected Government makes evident its ability to maintain peaceful conditions is an absolute necessity. The bad feeling existing on the part of each party toward the other is almost incomprehensible and this feeling could not, in my opinion, be restrained for very long if all of our force was removed at this time, or within the very near future. While the State Department is undoubtedly aware of the conditions in this country and the peculiar characteristics of the people, it may not be amiss on my part to invite attention to a few salient facts which tend to make evident the necessity for the retention of an adequate force in this country for some time to come. These are as follows: ¶ (a) Party spirit takes the place of National spirit, men of each party giving no consideration to the country but only to the party. . . . "

2. November 14, 1912.   Admiral W. H. B. Southerland, off Corinto, to the Secretary of the Navy, Washington, p. 2.  " . . . ¶ (b) The feeling of each party against the other is so bitter - in fact, malignant - as to dominate all ideas of civilization and humanity - even family ties are forgotten during the frequent revolutions, and the rank and file of both sides actually revert to a semi-savage type. ¶ (c) The peon class is ignorant and brutal - practically less than semi-savage and with no National feeling - ready to take the part of either side according to which offers the most promising results. ¶ (d) There is not a good road in the country. ¶ (e) There is no regular and permanent newspaper. ¶ (f) The Government treasury is practically empty. ¶ (g) There are no educational institutions worth mentioning. ¶ To sum up, this is a semi-savage country - more so than any other of the Central American States - and will remain so until its revolutionary activities have ended, at which time its exceptional natural resources, accompanied by safety to life and property, will induce foreigners (Americans, it is hoped) to take up its lands and develop its great resources. ¶ 4. The newly elected President is not a military man and consequently is not popular with his own party in Western Nicaragua. He is honest and able, and has the reputation of being a good business man. He has impressed me more favorably than any prominent Nicaraguan I have met. There are many in both parties who are honestly anxious to see a cessation of revolutionary activity and I believe they will gradually recognize the fact that their only hope lies in supporting the President during his term of office. If I am correct in this supposition, we may be able to withdraw all but a legation guard within a few months. ¶ 5. The conditions in Nicaragua being so much improved as to make it inexpedient to keep all of the present force here for a longer period, I informed the Department by cable that, unless otherwise directed, all the marines, except the stationary force under Lieutenant Colonel Long, USMC, would embark on the BUFFALO for Panama upon the arrival of that vessel at this place - about November 20th. All arrangements have been made to this effect, and copies of my orders to Colonel J.H. Pendleton, USMC, commanding the force on shore in Nicaragua, and to Commander W.J. Terhune, USN, the Senior Naval Officer afloat at Corinto, directing said embarkation and providing for the conduct of affairs hereafter, are appended hereto, marked “A” and “B”, respectively. It will be noted that these orders are to remain in force “until either modified or revoked by the Navy Department”. . . . "

3. November 14, 1912.   Admiral W. H. B. Southerland, off Corinto, to the Secretary of the Navy, Washington, p. 3.  " . . . ¶ train bearing the President to and from Managua had a guard of 50 Marines. ¶ 12. In order to give some slight idea of the influence for good which our presence in this country has produced I append a free translation of a farewell telegram received by me from one of the most prominent Liberals in the country - a Dr. Sebastian Salinas of Leon - which is appended, marked “D”. ¶ 13. As a possible matter of interest in the future I append, marked “E”, and “F”, respectively, short biographies of the so-called Generals Mena and Zeledon. ¶ 14. It will be seen from my several reports that the officers and men of the Pacific Fleet have been kept quite busy during their stay in Nicaragua, and I am certain the Department will not be surprised to learn that their conduct and the impression they have made has been such as to win the confidence and esteem of all reputable people with whom they have come in contact. ¶ 15. With this communication, I will close the Nicaraguan incident as far as the vessels of the Pacific Fleet are concerned. ¶ /s/ W.H.H. SOUTHERLAND. . . . "

4. November 14, 1912.   Admiral W. H. B. Southerland, off Corinto, to the Secretary of the Navy, Washington, p. 4.  " . . . ¶ Luis Mena was born in 1865 in the town of Nandaime in Nicaragua. His father Inocente Mena was a cobbler. His mother’s maiden name is Teresa Uvado - she still lives in Nandaime. Luis was the oldest of five brothers and six sisters. He went to school in the city of Granada and afterwards worked on a form [farm?] near Nandaime. In his early manhood he went down to the Atlantic coast and was employed as an administrator of a banana plantation in partnership with Segundo Chamorro. He married Margarita Montiel, a Nicaraguan girl educated in Costa Rica, daughter of General Eduardo Montiel. ¶ She bore him two children - Eduardo, who is now at school in New Orleans, and Mercedita, who is with her mother. Besides these Luis Mena acknowledges many natural children, the most prominent of whom are Daniel (who accompanied him to exile) - Adam and Dionisio, all from different mothers. ¶ Luis Mena entered politics very young; always working for the Chamorro party. He was exiled in 1898 to Costa Rica where he obtained a Cocas finca at Copala near the Nicaraguan frontier. Here he was captured by Zelaya’s soldiers in 1901 for plotting another Nicaraguan revolt with General Rallado Reyes. After a short term in the penetentiary [penitentiary] he was released and returned to Costa Rica. He left his new cattle ranch near Puntarenas to take part in the Juan Estrada revolution of 1909, serving them as one of their chief generals. In 1910 he was made Minister of War and served as such until his break with Adolfo Diaz, the President, on July 29, 1912. The rest is known. . . . "

5. November 14, 1912.   Admiral W. H. B. Southerland, off Corinto, to the Secretary of the Navy, Washington, p. 5.  " . . . ¶ Born on March 5, 1880, in the village of Concordia in New Segovia, Nicaragua. His parents, both of whom are still living at Esteli, in Segovia, are Mercelino Zeledon, a carpenter and Maria Salome Rodriguez, a daughter of a farmer. They had five other children, of whom Benjamin is the second eldest. ¶ In his youth Benjamin went to Tegucigalpa, Honduras, where he worked his way through college and was graduated as a Batchelor [Bachelor] of Signs and Letters in 1900. After this he went to Managua to study law and was graduated and admitted to the Bar as an advocate in the summer, 1903. After practicing law for two years he was appointed a District Judge in Managua. Later he went to Cabo Grecies [Cabo Gracias?], where he served as a mining judge, until his return to the general practice of law in Managua in 1906. Previous to this, in 1904, during the Chamorro revolution against Zelaya he served as Chief War Accountant. ¶ On June 30, 1905, he married Ester Ramirez, of Managua, who bore him four children - all living. ¶ In 1907, he served in the national war against Honduras and Salvador, receiving special mention for valor in the battle of Namisigue [Namasigüe?]. In 1908 Zelaya appointed him Charge D’Affairs of Nicaragua in Guatemala. During the 1909 revolution he served under Madriz and took part in the battle of Fisma, where the forces of Emiliano Chamorro were routed. Shortly after this he was appointed Minister of War and served as such until the fall of the Madriz Government, when he sought refuge in Costa Rica. Returning from there he was almost immediately exiled again and remained as an exile in Costa Rica until June 1912, when he returned to Nicaragua and took part in Luis Mena’s revolution against President Adolfo Diaz, serving as Commander-in-Chief. As such he bombarded Managua but failed to take the city. After sustaining bombardment on the Barranca, near Masaya, he fled in the direction of Jinotepe, where he was captured by an outpose [outpost?] and died a few hours later."

1. November 18, 1912.  "Report of Operations."  Lt. Col. Charles C. Long, León, to Regimental Commander, First Provisional Regiment, U.S.M.C., p. 1.  "Headquarters ¶ United States Forces, ¶ Leon, Nicaragua. ¶ November 18, 1912. ¶ From: Lieutenant Colonel Charles G. Long, U.S.M.C. ¶ To: Regimental Commander, First Provisional Regiment, U.S.M.C. ¶ Subject: Report of Operations. ¶ In obedience to your orders, I have to submit the following report of operations of the troops under my command in the vinicity of Leon, Nicaragua. ¶ The operations may be divided into four periods, namely: First Period -- from the arrival of the troops on September 5th, including the taking of the trains on September 9th, to about September 12th, when a permanent camp was established. Second Period -- from September 12th, to September 25th, this includes the time during which neutrality was observed and ends with the receipt of instructions from the Navy Department to support the established Government. Third Period -- from receipt of the orders above mentioned to and including the taking of the city of Leon, October 6th, Fourth Period -- the military occupation of the city of Leon. ¶ On the morning of September 6, 1912, I arrived by train at a point about 300 yards south of the railroad bridge over the Rio Chiquito. On this train were Companies “A” - “B” and “D” of this regiment, under command of Major William N. McKelvy. At that place were encamped, Companies “E” - “F” and “G” of this regiment under command of Major George C. Reid, and here I reported to you at your headquarters. At this time there was also stationed a company of bluejackets from the U.S.S. California, under Ensign Train, acting as bridge guard. About 10 a.m. the same date a battalion of four companies, one of marines, from the U.S.S. Colorado, under the command of Lieutenant H.G.S. Wallace, U.S.N., arrived. This battalion encamped about 350 yards south of the camp of the Second Battalion and near the railroad track. ¶ Yourself and Regimental Headquarters having proceeded on the afternoon of September 6th to Managua, with Companies “A” - “B” and “D” under Major McKelvy, the undersigned was left in command of naval forces in this vicinity. First Lieutenant and Battalion Adjutant, William C. Powers, Jr., was detailed as Adjutant of the command, and on September 9th, Second Lieutenant Lloyd W. Williams was detailed as Camp Quartermaster. ¶ On the 7th, Company “C”, this regiment, arrived by train from Corinto, train bringing large supply of stores and three guns. I was authorized by you to retain this company temporarily with my command. Another company of the California bluejackets also arrived, under Lieutenant Horner. At this time the railroad was operated entirely by crews of bluejackets or marines. Instructions had been received from the . . . "   

2. November 18, 1912.  "Report of Operations."  Lt. Col. Charles C. Long, León, to Regimental Commander, First Provisional Regiment, U.S.M.C., p. 2.  " . . .  Commander-in-Chief to make every endeavor to open railroad and telegraphic communication between Corinto and Managua. Effort was made to get the local authorities to put men to work on the telegraph line without results. Liberal forces had at this time in their possession the railroad station in Leon, two engines and a number of cars, of all kinds, including two flat cars armored with sand bags, and a construction car. Orders were received on the 7th of September to obtain possession of the aforesaid rolling stock for the use of our troops as required and to turn over to the railroad company. Plans were accordingly made on the evening of this date for the movement of the troops under my command to enter the city of Leon and take this material. ¶ The political situation at this time in substance was as follows: The revolutionary forces, consisting principally of the “Artesanos” of the city of Leon and small farmers of the neighboring territory, their ranks swelled by the riffraff of the city, were in armed possession thereof. These people had risen and taken the city on the 17th and 18th of August, killing the majority of the Federal Garrison, and giving over to unbridled loot, the houses and stores of all those particularly affiliated with the Conservative Government. The city, and to a large extent the departments of Leon and Chinandega, were administered by an official who was called the Executive Delegate of those Departments. This man was Dr. Leonardo Arguello of Leon. The remainder of the officers whose functions were not totally inoperative were filled by other prominent Liberals, installed as a result of this successful uprising. The men under arms were under the nominal command of General J. M. Rivas who bore the title of General-in-Chief. A number of other “Generals” served under him. ¶ During the two days covered by the first few paragraphs the undersigned had several interviews with General Rivas, who is much more reasonable, sensible and honest than the majority of the leaders. With the help of General Rivas several matters of which might have caused friction were amicably arranged. ¶ During these few days and those immediately succeeding, the undersigned was called upon by a number of other leaders, who evidently desired to acquaint themselves with our attitude and acquaint us with theirs. Several American and foreign residents in Leon also called to acquaint me with their views of the situation. ¶ In order to comply with the orders of the Commander-in-Chief in regard to the railroad property, I sent for Generals Rivas, Barreto, Dr. Arguello and Mr. Sampson. At 9:30 a.m. on the 8th, General Rivas, General Santiago Arguello, Dr. Toribio Arguello and Mr. Sampson arrived at my headquarters. I first took up the matter of telegraph communications and was informed by General Rivas that orders had been given to his troops not to interfere with telegraph lines or repair parties. I then informed the visitors of my orders with respect to the railroad rolling stock and they replied that they were not authorized to conduct negotiations on the question; but that the Executive Delegate, who had failed to come with them, would be pleased to see me at any convenient hour. . . . "

3. November 18, 1912.  "Report of Operations."  Lt. Col. Charles C. Long, León, to Regimental Commander, First Provisional Regiment, U.S.M.C., p. 3.  " . . . I decided to go at once and gave orders for the movement of troops to the vicinity of the railroad station, and other dispositions to effect the taking of the rolling stock by force if necessary. I went to the Commandancia accompanied by Lieutenant H.G.S. Wallace, U.S.N., and met there the Executive Delegate and a number of the Liberal military and civil officials. I acquainted the Delegate and associates with the necessity of delivering the trains and after considerable argument and many protests they agreed to remove their soldiers from the vicinity of the railroad station in order that the trains might be removed. In order to create a diversion a “triunfo” was published and rockets and firecrackers were shot off and bells rung in the center of the city. Meanwhile the troops in the vicinity of the railroad station, mostly on the trains, were subjected to a rather trying ordeal, being face to face with an hostile, armed mob for several hours. The withdrawal of the rolling stock to our camp was, however, fortunately effected without shooting. Since this movement I have had at my orders, with several interruptions of a day or two, an engine and several cars, and have used this train for special movements of troops, special trains for myself and other officers, for guards in repairing telegraph lines and to procure wood and to move supplies. ¶ As the camp site then occupied was too wet for any lengthy occupation a good camp site was located about a half mile east of the other, and on September11th [September 11th] and 12th the Second Battalion and my headquarters were moved. This camp was called Camp Pendleton. ¶ When looking for a camp site an excellent one near the water works reservoir was considered, but the proposition met with vehement opposition on part of the water works manager who claimed there was not sufficient water to supply the troops. Additional trouble was experienced with this man, Mr. Jose Montalvan, in the matter of keeping the railroad water tank filled and he was found to be an accomplished liar and obstructionist although belonging to the conservative party. ¶ On September 10th the following movements of troops took place: Ensign Train Company California bluejackets to Managua, Colorado’s Marine Detachment, under Lieutenant Willis to Camp Southerland at Queselguaqua [Quezalguaque?]. A company of bluejackets of the Colorado Battalion took over the duty of Bridge guard. Stores arriving from Corinto were shifted at Leon station and stores for this command deposited near camp. Company “C” of this regiment and Lieutenant Horner’s California Company also left for Managua on this date. ¶ On September 12th the Colorado Battalion moved camp into the same field occupied by the Second Battalion. A company of the Colorado Battalion under Lieutenant Scott was sent to occupy La Paz about 12 miles south on the railroad line. ¶ SECOND PERIOD. ¶ For the next two weeks matters were comparatively quiet. During the period the undersigned was governed by instructions to . . . "

4. November 18, 1912.  "Report of Operations."  Lt. Col. Charles C. Long, León, to Regimental Commander, First Provisional Regiment, U.S.M.C., p. 4.  " . . . observe strict neutrality between the government and revolutionary forces, to permit no fighting in the vicinity of the railroad, to permit no bombardment of unfortified towns or any act contrary to civilized warfare. I also had instructions to not allow the railroad to be used by the armed forces of either side. During this period the attitude of the rebels was always suspicious toward us and a good deal of the time rather hostile. Their pickets were in close proximity to our camp and they maintained armed guards near the railroad station (they had a machine gun paced there), and at other points near the railroad line. Those with whom we had intercourse were frank in their belief that our forces were here in the interest of the “Chamorristas” as they called the government forces. They also refused to believe that the railroad was not being used to assist the government forces. The command was occupied with the heavy guard and outpost duty which was necessary, and the additional work of furnishing train guards and guards for repair parties working on the telegraph lines. Considerable of the latter work was done at first by our own men, but later a repair party was furnished by the railroad and a guard from my command. The railroad started to move passengers on the 13th of September; but the trains were still run under the charge of our forces with native train crews. Some difficulty was experienced with these train crews, and the same with telegraph operators and linemen who were much afraid of the Leonese. First Lieutenant H.W. Stone was detailed on railroad duty during this period; his duties consisted in supervising the railroad guards and train crews assisting the railroad officials and generally of pushing along all the railroad service. Our first fresh beef received since landing was received on September 13th from the Glacier, also the first ice was received from Chichigalpa on this date. Considerable difficulty was experienced in obtaining bull carts for camp transportation owing to the attitude of suspicion on the part of the people in the vicinity. On September 14th I informed the Executive Delegate by letter of my instructions as above stated, and on the 15th I was called on by General Rivas who desired an elucidation thereof. This was given him as far as practicable and he appeared satisfied and pleased and agreed to use his best efforts toward cooperation and the avoidance of friction. ¶ Beginning September 15th I established a guard at the railroad station, Leon, in order to guard the property and facilitate the opening of the railroad and telegraph line. The guard consisted of an officer and an average of forty men and was installed without creating much excitement. ¶ A number of complaints and claims were received from inhabitants of the vicinity of camp, principally on account of wood of various sorts having been taken from the adjacent properties for firewood, but these claims were adjusted without much difficulty. ¶ The camp site occupied by the command was excellent except that wood and water had to be hauled or carried a distance of approximately one-half mile. It was well drained and sunny. The health of the command while occupying this camp was exceptionally good. The rain fall was unusually light for the wet season. . . . "

5. November 18, 1912.  "Report of Operations."  Lt. Col. Charles C. Long, León, to Regimental Commander, First Provisional Regiment, U.S.M.C., p. 5.  " . . . ¶ On September 17th the Commander-in-Chief, Rear Admiral W.H.H. Southerland, U.S.N., and staff arrived enroute to Managua and remained for about two hours at my headquarters where he had an interview with Dr. Francisco Baca, one of the principal leaders of the Liberal movement. The Admiral informed Dr. Baca of his desire to bring about peace and advised him as to the uselessness of further fighting. ¶ On the evening of September 15th a report was received that Major Butler’s train enroute to Granada was fired on. At 6 a.m. on the 18th of September a special train arrived in charge of Mr. Powers of the railroad company with a message from Colonel Pendleton to myself ordering the artillery company sent to Managua as quickly as possible. Captain Underwood being absent on duty in Corinto at the time, First Lieutenant W.C. Powers, U.S.M.C., was sent in command of that portion of Company “E” (about 70 men) then in camp, with the two 3-inch field guns, Mark VII, belonging to that company. The next morning Captain Underwood and Lieutenant Messersmith and the remainder of the company arrived from Corinto and proceeded to Managua. This company and officers returned about 10 p.m. September 20th, having taken part in the forced opening of the railroad from Managua to Granada. ¶ About September 20th I began to send detachments on short reconnaissance marches in the country south of the city, near the railroad line. About this date also telephone and telegraph communication to Managua became of some service although subject to frequent breaks; and occasional wire communication was had to the stations as far north as Chinandega. ¶ Several small difficulties were experienced with the Liberal forces, viz; they continued to maintain a menacing guard with machine guns near the railroad station, their sentries continued to fire their rifles with great frequency, small obstructions were placed on the railroad track and considerable delay experienced in complying with my orders to fill up their trenches adjacent to the track. I also was in receipt of frequent complaints that the neutrality of the railroad was not being maintained. All of these matters were arranged rather satisfactorily by several conferences with the Liberal leaders who were told that they must take sincere and energetic action. ¶ On the 24th of September I was called on by a party of twenty-three of the Liberal leaders and Military Chiefs who desired to pay their respects, and expressed the best of feeling toward us and the best of intentions toward the avoidance of friction and the continuance of friendly relations. ¶ On this same date I received positive information that a party of adventurers and former exiles from Costa Rica headed by General Irias and Dr. Espinoza had effected a safe landing and had arrived in Leon several days previously. I was informed that these people were not favorably impressed with the Liberal cause on account of its lack of organization. . . . "  [page 6 of this report is missing]

7. November 18, 1912.  "Report of Operations."  Lt. Col. Charles C. Long, León, to Regimental Commander, First Provisional Regiment, U.S.M.C., p. 7 (p. 6 missing).  " . . . ¶ On the afternoon of October 3rd I received a delegation of foreign citizens of Leon. The following is a summary of their expressions of opinion, etc. The present condition will go on forever if American troops continue present attitude. Even if we stop the fighting and establish the present government in power the same thing will break out again after our troops leave the country. It is doubted if the government troops could take Leon, and even if they took it there is a question as to their ability to hold it. If we say to the leaders that they must lay down their arms before we will treat with them it is very likely that they will see no recourse for themselves but a continuation of their present contest. Many of the men of the rebel forces desire to fight and enjoy fighting. They have no idea of the value of life, even their own lives. The leaders have an unruly mob to deal with and whatever is done must be done quickly and without giving the mob time to discuss and consider the terms, thereby bringing up points of argument, twisting the terms into unfavorable lights tending to further complications. It is believed that the present is a most opportune time to strike a blow on account of the defeats which the rebels have suffered. The necessity for this blow is, of course, not apparent from a military point of view but is desirable on account of the condition on [of?] anarchy which exists the prolongation of which will bring on famine and the total ruin of the peasant class. It is throught [thought] the rebels would accept an arrangement by which they would have a voice in the government up to the time that an election may be held. Of course the leaders will expect a guarantee of their lives and property, otherwise they would have to flee, becoming factors dangerous to the future peace of the country. Suggestion made that an armistice be arranged and believed that such could be arranged and made effective in twenty four hours. Such an armistice being preliminary to the conference between the government and the Liberal leaders, a conference for the purpose of effecting an agreement for the resumption of peaceful relations and the promise of a free election. The foreigners believe that the fighting would be stopped at once if the United States Forces would guarantee a free election at any time within from three months to three years; the government meanwhile to be under the control of the United States. The people with peaceful interests would welcome a military government by the United States. If the leaders have to flee the Americans will have to fight theyr [their] way into Leon and maintain a large garrison indefinitely. The Leonese are now loading ammunition and manufacturing bombs. The civil administration at Leon, that is the municipality, is very efficient. The Liberals constitute three-fourths of the country. The present government is not in power by the will of the people, the elections of the house of Congress were most fraudulent. President Diaz is not thought to be a very strong man. It was the people known as the “artesanos” who rose and took Leon. They do not leave the town and are quite capable of repeating such uprisings frequently. As far as the question of robbery and looting is concerned the forces on one side are no better than those of the other. The small towns are looted and pillaged alternately by the bands of both parties and the people are in a desperate condition. The foreigners believe that some terms could be given to the Liberal leaders and a free election guaranteed the continued presence of American troops would be unnecessary and that one of more American officers in the capital of each department would be able to handle the situation admirably. The above is inserted not as an accurate exposition of the situation, but as an expression from a more or less unbiased point of view, and it throws . . . " 

8. November 18, 1912.  "Report of Operations."  Lt. Col. Charles C. Long, León, to Regimental Commander, First Provisional Regiment, U.S.M.C., p. 8.   " . . .  a certain amount of light on the circumstances. ¶ Considering that the situation should be communicated to the Commander-in-Chief in detail I sent my Adjutant, Lieutenant Powers, to Managua by a special train to report to Commander-in-Chief, and he returned the next evening. ¶ The report of the fall of Coyotepe and Masaya and of the fact that our troops took part therein having reached here and matters having reached acute stage I stopped all movements of passengers through Leon on October 4th. On the afternoon of October 5th I was called on by Dr. Espinoza who was accompanied by the son of General Irias as interpreter. They desired to know what terms the “emigrados” from Costa Rica would be given. They were told that subject to the approval of the Admiral, they would be allowed to leave the country provided the city of Leon was delivered without resistance. ¶ On the evening of October 5th a battalion of three companies of bluejackets of the U.S.S. California, under Lieutenant G. W. Steele, U.S. Navy, arrived from Managua, also a section with two 3 inch guns to join Captain Underwood’s artillery company and a “Peace commission” from Managua included in which was Dr. Sebastian Salinas. It was understood that they had authority to treat with the rebel leaders and they were escorted into Leon. ¶ For an account of the taking of Leon and attending circumstances attention is invited to the attached copy of my report, up to this time the Second Battalion, First Provisional Regiment, had been under my direct command and the operations of this battalion are covered by this report. ¶ FOURTH PERIOD. ¶ After the occupation of the city detailed in the report mentioned I appointed ad interim a Jefe Politico, Alcalde, Public Treasurer, Postmaster and Chief Surgeon of the public hospital to assist in the administration of affairs, and other officials as developments required. The Chiefs of the tobacco and aguardiente depots were appointed by the Government. Under my direction a large quantity of tobacco, the property of the Government, and which had been misappropriated, was secured by search and delivered to proper custody. The aguardiente depot has not yet been opened. Captain F.A. Ramsey was on October 12th detailed as Provost Marshall and Provost Judge of the city and I assigned Major Charles S. Hill to duty on my staff. Both of these officers have performed their duties in a highly efficient and creditable manner. A censorship of newspapers was instituted resulting in the suppression of two papers which published little but more or less incendiary articles. I enclose copies of certain “Avisos” issued to the public in connection with Martial Law Administration. ¶ On the morning and the day this command entered the city a force of reported strength of fifty to one hundred rebels under General Osorio left the city supposedly for the Honduran border. This band was pursued by the Federal troops under General Carmen . . . "

9. November 18, 1912.  "Report of Operations."  Lt. Col. Charles C. Long, León, to Regimental Commander, First Provisional Regiment, U.S.M.C., p. 9.  " . . . Diaz who had by this date secured control of a large part of the territory north and northeast of this city. The detachments of this force, living as they did on the country, were the source of many of the complaints above referred to. ¶ The Commander-in-Chief, Rear Admiral W.H.H. Southerland, and his staff arrived about noon of October 8th and remained until the following afternoon. ¶ On October 10th I had a long interview with Dr. Leonardo Arguello, the Rebel Executive Delegate, who gave me what I believe to have been a frank account of his acts and the situation at the time. He is a man of some ability and considerable culture and I do not believe him to be an incendiary. He delivered to me what he said were all the papers in his possession but no information of value was obtained therefrom. ¶ Telephone communications between all district commanders and headquarters were established at an early date by a detail of our men, use being made of the abandoned and disorganized public system. ¶ Horses being necessary for communication and patrolling, a number were impressed, and a few were loaned to us. Later over 100 horses, most of which had been stolen from the farms throughout the country, were turned over to my command by the Federal troops under General Viquez, at La Ceiba. Many of these horses were in bad condition. Having received instructions from you to obtain horses and equipment for a mounted expedition to Matagalpa, I requisitioned additional horses and equipment through the medium of the Jefe Politico. Some horses were also obtained from the forces of General Enrique Chamorro which arrived at La Ceiba about October 17, 1912. The originally intended strength of the Matagalpa expedition having been reduced on account of bad roads I sent three officers and sixteen enlisted men, Navy and Marine Corps, with sixteen additional horses, to La Paz Viejo on October 16, 1912, to join your expedition. These officers and men returned November 1st. The return of horses has been a considerable problem, the question of ownership being in many cases doubtful and I have therefore turned them over from time to time to the Jefe Politico for distribution. There now remain thirty-three horses in use by my command. ¶ During the first two or three weeks of our occupation very numerous reports and complaints of abuses committed by robbers and bands of Federal troops, from the suburbs of the city to the provinces of Matagalpa and Nueva Segovia, were received. Mounted patrols were sent out to investigate conditions within a few miles of the city to warn back Federal troops and quiet the people. The people were fearful that the Federal troops would be permitted to occupy the city and repeated rumors that these troops were approaching caused alarm and undoubtedly operated to prevent the turning in of any arms. Up to the present there has been captured or turned in, two field pieces, four machine guns, about twenty dynamite bombs, several boxes of dynamite with caps and fuses, about three hundred rifles and a number of fighting machetes and revolvers. After about a week of our occupation had passed sufficient confidence obtained in the city for the opening of stores and the bringing in of provisions from the surrounding country. . . . "

10. November 18, 1912.  "Report of Operations."  Lt. Col. Charles C. Long, León, to Regimental Commander, First Provisional Regiment, U.S.M.C., p. 10.  " . . . On October 12th the Post Office and the National Telegraph commenced operations, but it was some time after this before any effective telegraph service other than to Managua existed. ¶ On the 17th instant a disturbance at La Paz caused me to send Lieutenant Charles G. Sinclair with a small detachment to pacify that place. They remained three days. ¶ On October 19th the first native police (a small number) were appointed, acting under supervision of the Provost Marshall. A Chief of Police named Isaac Gutierrez Navas was appointed from Managua. He was very obnoxious to the public of Leon and I received many recommendations that he be superseded. He soon effected his own removal by getting drunk and creating a disturbance on the streets. On this date it was publicly announced that a Presidential election would be held in the Republic on November 3rd. ¶ Most of the “emigrados” from Costa Rica, previously referred to in this report, left the city before we entered, fearing, I was informed, that the failure to deliver the city without resistance would prevent their free exit afterward. By agreement of the Nicaraguan Government those who remained were given passports out of the country by me. ¶ Under instructions of the Commander-in-Chief reductions in the force under my command were made as follows: October 12th one company California bluejackets to Managua, also gun detachment company “A” 3rd Battalion; October 20th, the bluejacket company returned. October 20th, California Marines to Chichigalpa and Posoltega. October 21st, two companies California bluejackets to Chinandega. October 22nd, the remaining two companies California bluejackets to Chinandega; November 8th, company “C”, this regiment to Chinandega; November 10th, Colorado Battalion to their ship. ¶ During this period, up to the time of the Colorado Battalion left taking the wireless operators, we had good wireless communication with the ships at Corinto. On November 1st, the wireless apparatus was moved from Camp Pendleton to the top of the cathedral in this city. ¶ The following buildings have been occupied by troops; railroad station (vacated October 23rd), the Cathedral (rooms in rear), Guadaloupe Church, Commandancia (for a short time), The Cuartel and church of Subtiava, the building known as the house of Ramon Chica which had been used as a school house, University of Medicine, the building belonging to the railroad near station which had been used by the rebels as a barracks. ¶ These headquarters were at first located in the Commandancia building in the Plaza, on October 8th they were moved to Lupone’s hotel, on the 12th again to the residence of Mr. Narcisso Lacayo he having offered it for that purpose. ¶ On Saturday, November 2nd the National election was held, there was no disorder and very few votes cast, the Liberals refraining from voting altogether. By direction of the Commander-in- . . . "  

11. November 18, 1912.  "Report of Operations."  Lt. Col. Charles C. Long, León, to Regimental Commander, First Provisional Regiment, U.S.M.C., p. 11.  " . . . Chief I had previously sent on October 30th a detachment of three officers and 50 men under Major William N. McKelvy to the towns of Jinotepe and Diriamba in the Department of Masaya, to be present during the elections and to obtain certain information about that district. This detachment returned November 4th and Major McKelvy has submitted a report on this movement. ¶ The Red Cross or Military Hospital which took care principally of the wounded soldiers of both sides has been discontinued. It was necessary for me to concern myself more or less with the administration of the Hospital and to require the allotment of public funds for its support. ¶ I have required the Public Treasurer to pay for extra stationary and for printing incident to my assuming the Government of this city, also to pay for rations furnished public prisoners. ¶ An attempt has been made under the supervision of the Provost Marshall to collect some of the property looted from houses and stores in the city. Some, but only a small percentage of these goods, has been obtained and restored to its owners. ¶ On the evening of the 16th instant the Jefe Politico received orders from the President of Nicaragua to arrest and sent [send] to Corinto for deportation twenty-seven of the leaders of the revolution and the Liberal party in Leon. About fifteen of these men were secured by the native police and were sent guarded by these police to Corinto yesterday. ¶ The conduct of the command throughout this trying period has been excellent, and with less exceptions than might have been expected, the personnel have conducted themselves in an exemplary manner and will full appreciation of their duties and responsibilities. The people of the city have highly praised their conduct. ¶ On November 7th, by your authority, transfers were made between the companies of the regiment and the three companies which are to remain here organized. A few additional transfers to complete this organization have since been made, and on this date the Field and Staff transfers have been ordered. ¶ As directed by you, reconnaissance maps of this city and environs for a distance of three miles and also of the railroad line and vicinity as far as Nagarote have been completed. ¶ Charles G. Long."

August 28, 1916.  "Political conditions, Nicaragua."  Commanding Officer O. G. Murfin, U.S.S. Albany off Corinto, to Admiral William B. Capterton, Commander in Chief, U.S. Pacific Fleet, p. 1.   "Confidential. ¶ 1-169--OGM-AAN ¶ U. S. S. ALBANY ¶ Corinto, Nicaragua, ¶ 28 August, 1916. ¶ From: Commanding Officer. ¶ To: Commander in Chief, U. S. Pacific Fleet. ¶ SUBJECT: Political conditions, Nicaragua. ¶ 1. The political condition in Nicaragua is still unsettled and uncertain and no prediction as to the outcome can be attempted at this time. However, the situation is becoming acute, and developments within the next week should so establish conditions that an estimate of the general situation can be made with some degree of accuracy. ¶ 2. Many political reports and rumors are being circulated, but no dependence can be placed in them. Their nature changes with the part of the country from which they originate. ¶ 3. During the last week, the leaders of the Government party have been in conference with prominent members of the Liberal party. It is supposed that these conferences are for the purpose of effecting some combination which will give the Government party the coming election without having to resort to the high-handed methods usually adopted by the party in power to gain their ends. ¶ 4. The rank and file of the Liberal party are not being molested in any way by the Government; while, it is stated on good authority, that members of the Genuine Conservative party, in districts where General Chamorro’s following is very strong, are being coerced in many arbitrary ways with the object of forcing them to promise their support to the candidate of the Government party. ¶ 5. The leaders of the Government party are daily becoming more antagonistic to candidates of other parties and are more determined in their efforts to continue in power. They are apparently counting on a report, said to have been received from the Nicaraguan Charge d’Affaires in Washington to the effect that the United States would remain neutral in the coming elections. This report seems to have made them aggressive. They have also made the statement that the United States Government’s candidate in Panama was not elected in the last election, and this statement, whether correct or not, has given them much courage and elation. . . . "

August 28, 1916.  "Political conditions, Nicaragua."  Commanding Officer O. G. Murfin, U.S.S. Albany off Corinto, to Admiral William B. Capterton, Commander in Chief, U.S. Pacific Fleet, p. 2.   " . . . ¶ 6. The situation would be much cleared and serious trouble probably avoided if the United States Government should take a firm stand for some one of the presidential candidates and give him their moral support at least. ¶ 7. Recruiting is going on and the Government forces strengthened at various points. The garrison in the Campe Marte, where the U. S. Marines forming the Legation Guard are quartered, now numbers nearly four hundred men. Should the Government’s attitude toward the United States become unfriendly or aggressive the situation of the marines would be a most undesirable one. Even as matters stand now, any hostile, or apparently hostile action on the part of the Nicaraguan forces in Campe Marte, whether intentional or accidental, and particularly at night, would call for prompt action on the part of the marines without waiting to investigate the reasons for such act. The American Legation is about five blocks from Campe Marte, and any hostile act against the Legation would mean that, to go the Minister’s defense, the guard must either be split up, a most dangerous proceeding, or else leave unguarded their stores and supplies also a dangerous proceeding, since the supplies must include the reserve ammunition. This condition which has been made the subject of previous correspondence by officers in command at this station, becomes particularly important at this time owing to the conditions that might possibly develope [develop] from the political situation. ¶ 8. The American Minister has selected a new location for the American Legation. The property is large enough both for Legation purposes and for quartering the full legation guard, and it has other characteristics which make it a most suitable and desirable place for the purpose. The Minister has received word from the State Department, however, that there is little probability of the present Congress appropriating the money necessary for the purchase of the property. The owner of the property has given authority for the Minister to occupy it at any time he considers it necessary or desirable. Advantage will probably not be taken of this offer until such time as conditions approach a crisis, at which time any attempt to move the marines from their present location with their arms, ammunition, equipment stores, and other supplies would be accompanied with much danger; and, unless considerable equipment and supplies should be abandoned, would probably be impossible. All this, of course, dependent upon the nature of the crisis and the attitude of the Nicaraguan Government. 9. The necessity for a new location for quarters for the Legation Guard, one which will be well separated from the Nicaraguan forces and which is suitable for defensive purposes, cannot be too strongly urged. Their present situation is impossible. ¶ O. G. Murfin. ¶ One copy to Navy Department (direct)6. The situation would be much cleared and serious trouble probably avoided if the United States Government should take a firm stand for some one of the presidential candidates and give him their moral support at least. ¶ 7. Recruiting is going on and the Government forces strengthened at various points. The garrison in the Campe Marte, where the U. S. Marines forming the Legation Guard are quartered, now numbers nearly four hundred men. Should the Government’s attitude toward the United States become unfriendly or aggressive the situation of the marines would be a most undesirable one. Even as matters stand now, any hostile, or apparently hostile action on the part of the Nicaraguan forces in Campe Marte, whether intentional or accidental, and particularly at night, would call for prompt action on the part of the marines without waiting to investigate the reasons for such act. The American Legation is about five blocks from Campe Marte, and any hostile act against the Legation would mean that, to go the Minister’s defense, the guard must either be split up, a most dangerous proceeding, or else leave unguarded their stores and supplies also a dangerous proceeding, since the supplies must include the reserve ammunition. This condition which has been made the subject of previous correspondence by officers in command at this station, becomes particularly important at this time owing to the conditions that might possibly develope [develop] from the political situation. ¶ 8. The American Minister has selected a new location for the American Legation. The property is large enough both for Legation purposes and for quartering the full legation guard, and it has other characteristics which make it a most suitable and desirable place for the purpose. The Minister has received word from the State Department, however, that there is little probability of the present Congress appropriating the money necessary for the purchase of the property. The owner of the property has given authority for the Minister to occupy it at any time he considers it necessary or desirable. Advantage will probably not be taken of this offer until such time as conditions approach a crisis, at which time any attempt to move the marines from their present location with their arms, ammunition, equipment stores, and other supplies would be accompanied with much danger; and, unless considerable equipment and supplies should be abandoned, would probably be impossible. All this, of course, dependent upon the nature of the crisis and the attitude of the Nicaraguan Government. 9. The necessity for a new location for quarters for the Legation Guard, one which will be well separated from the Nicaraguan forces and which is suitable for defensive purposes, cannot be too strongly urged. Their present situation is impossible. ¶ O. G. Murfin. ¶ One copy to Navy Department (direct) 6. The situation would be much cleared and serious trouble probably avoided if the United States Government should take a firm stand for some one of the presidential candidates and give him their moral support at least. ¶ 7. Recruiting is going on and the Government forces strengthened at various points. The garrison in the Campe Marte, where the U. S. Marines forming the Legation Guard are quartered, now numbers nearly four hundred men. Should the Government’s attitude toward the United States become unfriendly or aggressive the situation of the marines would be a most undesirable one. Even as matters stand now, any hostile, or apparently hostile action on the part of the Nicaraguan forces in Campe Marte, whether intentional or accidental, and particularly at night, would call for prompt action on the part of the marines without waiting to investigate the reasons for such act. The American Legation is about five blocks from Campe Marte, and any hostile act against the Legation would mean that, to go the Minister’s defense, the guard must either be split up, a most dangerous proceeding, or else leave unguarded their stores and supplies also a dangerous proceeding, since the supplies must include the reserve ammunition. This condition which has been made the subject of previous correspondence by officers in command at this station, becomes particularly important at this time owing to the conditions that might possibly develope [develop] from the political situation. ¶ 8. The American Minister has selected a new location for the American Legation. The property is large enough both for Legation purposes and for quartering the full legation guard, and it has other characteristics which make it a most suitable and desirable place for the purpose. The Minister has received word from the State Department, however, that there is little probability of the present Congress appropriating the money necessary for the purchase of the property. The owner of the property has given authority for the Minister to occupy it at any time he considers it necessary or desirable. Advantage will probably not be taken of this offer until such time as conditions approach a crisis, at which time any attempt to move the marines from their present location with their arms, ammunition, equipment stores, and other supplies would be accompanied with much danger; and, unless considerable equipment and supplies should be abandoned, would probably be impossible. All this, of course, dependent upon the nature of the crisis and the attitude of the Nicaraguan Government. 9. The necessity for a new location for quarters for the Legation Guard, one which will be well separated from the Nicaraguan forces and which is suitable for defensive purposes, cannot be too strongly urged. Their present situation is impossible. ¶ O. G. Murfin. ¶ One copy to Navy Department (direct)"

September 16, 1916.  "Review of Political Situation," in "Report of Operations, West Coast of Nicaragua."  Capterton to Secretary of the Navy, p. 1.  [Notes taken from original documents]    "RG45: NAVAL RECORDS COLLECTION ¶ RG45: NAVAL RECORDS COLLECTION OF THE OFFICE OF NAVAL RECORDS AND LIBRARY, SUBJECT FILE 1911-1927: WA-7 ALLIED COUNTRIES, NICARAGUA, DAILY REPORTS AND MISC. MATERIAL ¶ BOX NO. 751: ¶ nada de interes. ¶ BOX NO. 752: ¶ Despatches from USS Denver, Aug. 1925-1929 - could be combed through for items of interest (though I didn’t - no time). ¶ BOX NO. 753: ¶ Folder No. 6: ¶ Sept. 24, 1916: “Report of Operations, West Coast of Nicaragua,” Caperton to Sec. of Navy: ¶ “Review of Political Situation, Sept. 16, 1916: ¶ “The population of Nicaragua is divided about equally between the Liberal and Conservative parties. Although opinions upon this point differ, it seems that the Liberals are slightly in the majority. The division between the parties corresponds quite closely to a geographical division of the country. Western Nicaragua, from Managua to the coast, is intensely Liberal. This includes the most populous district of the Republic, and Leon, which is the largest city in the country, is the stronghold of Liberalism. Managua, the capital, is a Liberal city, though not so predominantly as Leon. The Eastern portion of the country is entirely Conservative, with Granada as the center of this party. All the Indians are Conservative. ¶ “The extent to which party divisions are carried is almost incredible. For generations, the feud between Leon and Granada, Liberal and Conservative, has been waged with a bitterness which permeates every element of social life. With few exceptions, a member of one party will have practically no acquaintances among members of the opposite party. Especially among the ignorant mass, their opponents are hated with an abhorrence compared to which the hatred of a German for an Englishman, a Turk for a Russian, pales into insignifiance [insignificance]… ¶ “The Conservative party is split into three main factions. General Chamorro… has the support of all the Indians, himself being partly Indian… Another faction is headed by Cuadra Pasos… A third faction, calling themselves the Progressives, have for a candidate Dr. Lopez…” ¶ Sept. 19, 1916: “Fusion all Conservative elements still incomplete but probable. In Masaya Sunday small fight between Chamorristas and Liberals, reported two killed several wounded in fighting. Probably uninspired, no general significance…” ¶ Oct. 30, 1916: “Report of Operations, West Coast of Nicaragua,” Caperton to Sec. of Navy:  

September 16, 1916.  "Review of Political Situation," in "Report of Operations, West Coast of Nicaragua."  Capterton to Secretary of the Navy, p. 2.  " . . . RG45: NAVAL RECORDS COLLECTION ¶ Sept. 25: voter registration begins - Liberals are refusing to register - Five US Naval Officers jeered at train station: “A crowd of about 200 gathered, passed in to them copies of a Liberal proclamation issued as a warning at Leon, jeered at and insulted them, pelted the car with refuse and exhibited some firearms in threatening manner. Apparently an organized mob directed by three or four men on horseback. No actual damage was done…” - similar report by Bradshaw… ¶ Sept. 30: “This afternoon a Liberal crowd of about 400 people, mostly girls, gathered in front of the Legation and made a demonstration. One woman made a long speech criticizing the actions of the Minister, and saying that he had been unjust in controlling the elections in favor of Chamorro. A great deal of language was used that was not translatable into respectable English… ” ¶ Oct. 1: “Voting took place all day with polls crowded. Liberals mostly refrained from voting. In the afternoon a crowd of about 1500 Conservatives, mostly grown men, a considerable number from the country but many from Managua, held a demonstration, trooping through the streets with Conservative banners… Reports have come in of a number of small brawls in town in which three or four men have been killed, but, in general, order throughout the town has been excellent… ” ¶ Oct. 2: “In the forenoon, a large funeral procession, headed by part of the Nicaraguan band and section of the guard of honor, passed the Legation with caskets containing the bodies of the four Conservatives killed in yesterday’s street fight. In front of the Campo de Marte the procession stopped and was addressed by one of its members in an impassioned speech on the subject of the patriotism of these men who had died for the cause of liberty…… Heavy Conservative voting, Chamorro undoubtedly elected, Liberals mostly refrained from voting. Four or five men killed yesterday in street brawls but general order excellent…” ¶ Folder No. 8: ¶ “Nicaragua” (Memorandum / draft of booklet of gen. info.), General Board, Navy Dept. Nov. 26, 1909: ¶ p. 6: “According to the census of 1890 there were 360,000 inhabitants or a little more than 8 to the square mile. Of these 16,200 were whites, 198,000 Indians, 1,800 negroes, and 144,000 of mixed races.”" 

1. January 1, 1917.  "Manifiesto del Presidente Electo Don Emiliano Chamorro," p. 1.  "MANIFIESTO ¶ DEL ¶ PRESIDENTE ELECTO ¶ GENERAL DON EMILIANO CHAMORRO, ¶ EN EL SOLEMNE ACTO DE LA TOMA DE POSESION ¶ 19 DE ENERO 1917 ¶ TIPOGRAFIA NACIONAL ¶ MANAGUA, NIC."

2. January 1, 1917.  "Manifiesto del Presidente Electo Don Emiliano Chamorro," p. 2.  "Señores Senadores y Diputados: ¶ AL recibir el alto puesto a que me ha llamado el libre voto de mis conciudadanos, experimento íntima satisfacción por la señalada honra que me ha conferido el pueblo nicaragüense y al mismo tiempo honda inquietud ante las gravísimas responsabilidades que en este momento contraigo para con el país. ¶ Acabo de ofreceros la más segura prenda de los propósitos que me animan en el desempeño de la magna tarea que se ha confiado a mis débiles fuerzas. Al invocar a Dios como testigo de mis intenciones y de la firme resolución de cumplir y hacer cumplir la Constitución y las leyes de la República, me doy cuenta exacta del deber en que me hallo de velar, como Supremo Mandatario del país, porque se mantenga inviolable el respeto al derecho y garantías de los asociados; y en tal virtud, me obligo desde ahora a ser el más celoso guardián y el más estricto ejecutor de la Constitución y de las leyes, penetrado como estoy de que, para gobernantes y gobernados, todo es inferior a ellas en el mecanismo administrativo, y de que tan gravemente se subvierte el orden público cuando . . . "

3. January 1, 1917.  "Manifiesto del Presidente Electo Don Emiliano Chamorro," p. 3.  " . . . de parte de los ciudadanos falta el acatamiento debido a la autoridad, como cuando de parte de ésta se menosprecian la ley y la seguridad común. ¶ El puesto en que me ha colocado la voluntad nacional me convierte en el centro de las aspiraciones divergentes de los partidos, y en ese concepto, sin animosidades para nadie y con espíritu de conciliación para todos, siempre que se trate de la observancia del deber, me veréis sobreponerme a simpatías e intereses polîticos y considerar tan sólo en los nicaragüenses a los hijos de una misma madre, la patria, rescatados por la independencia para una misma libertad y unos mismos derechos. ¶ Entre las prerrogativas que establece la Constitución, la de más trascendencia para el mantenimiento de la tranquilidad y el orden público es, sin duda, la que garantiza el respeto a las opiniones y el libre ejercicio de los cultos. Esa prerrogativa tendrá en mi gobierno irrestricta aplicación para todos los credos; y los católicos del país deben estar seguros de que, con respecto a ellos, daré respetuoso cumplimiento a ese deber, no sólo en acatamiento al precepto constitutivo, sino también porque comprendo que la religión católica, a la que pertenece la casi totalidad de la República, es elemento impulsor de cultura y regeneración moral y uno de los principales factores de la paz y seguridad de la Nación. ¶ La libertad de imprenta, baluarte de las otras libertades y poderoso auxiliar de los gobiernos cuando se inspira en los inmutables principios de justicia y dirige su acción a promover el bienestar social, tendrá en mí un decidido sostenedor. En mi período de mando, la voz de la prensa no enmudecerá nunca bajo la amenaza, ni mucho menas a causa de la persecución oficial. Sus ecos hallarán en toda ocasión, dilatada vía para llegar a mí: si de censura razonada, po- . . . "

4. January 1, 1917.  "Manifiesto del Presidente Electo Don Emiliano Chamorro," p. 4.  " . . . drán servirme de advertencia y estímulo en el desempeño de mis funciones; y si de acerba hostilidad descendiese a la diatriba y la calumnia, opondré a ellas mis procedimientos estrictamente ajustados a la ley y al honor, bien seguro de que la buena fe y ecuanimidad del gobernante, así como la indiferencia con que el criterio público ha de acoger la campaña difamadora, acabarán por convencer de su estéril cruzada a los disociadores sistemáticos. ¶ La instrucción pública es un ramo que preferente atención tendrá de parte de mi gobierno, puesto que ella forma el medio más seguro de apreciar la civilización de un pueblo. La enseñanza es el patrimonio que no están dispensados de poseer ricos ni pobres; y para estos últimos, la educación viene a constituir el triunfo en la lucha por la vida, la independencia del carácter. ¶ Por consiguiente, a la educación del pueblo, gratuita y obligatoria según nuestro código político, dedicaré mis mayores energías. Que todo el pueblo lea; que el pueblo se instruya; que conozca sus deberes y sus derechos; que adquiera la noción clara y práctica de bien vivir. Para ello hay que multiplicar el número de escuelas, manteniendo el carácter moral de la enseñanza para levantar y purificar sus ideales, y aumentando en la conveniente proporción los presupuestos, aunque en algunos de los otros ramos hayan de reducirse al mínimum: la enseñanza primaria debe culminar sobre todo esfuerzo administrativo. ¶ Tenemos felizmente, para hacer fructuoso este designio, un factor de inapreciable valía, las escuelas normales, que empiezan a proveernos de maestros verdaderos, llenos de vocación natural, preparados con la técnica necesaria y los conocimientos que se requieren para el buen manejo de los centros educativos. ¶ Por lo que toca a la instrucción secundaria y pro- . . . "

5. January 1, 1917.  "Manifiesto del Presidente Electo Don Emiliano Chamorro," p. 5.  " . . . fesional, hallarán una y otra en mí el apoyo a que tienen derecho como elementos fundamentales de la cultura humana, y se les dará todo el desenvolvimiento que permitan las condiciones económicas de la República. ¶ En la enseñanza profesional incluyen nuestras leyes la de carácter normal, es decir, la que tiende a la formación de maestros y maestras. Siendo las escuelas normales la clave de la regeneración escolar del país, puesto que suministran los maestros idóneos que necesitamos para cambiar la faz de la enseñanza, estableciendo de modo seguro y eficaz una nueva era pedagógica, demás está decir que tales escuelas, más que atención, merecerán de mi Gobierno cuidado solícito muy especial. ¶ Otro punto de importancia capital es el económico, sobre todo en lo que se refiere a la deuda pública: para ese asunto encarezco desde ahora a la Representación Nacional todo el concurso de sus luces y atinados consejos. ¶ Después de extenso y bien meditado estudio, buscando el arreglo final de una cuestión que interesa tan hondamente al país, y con la mira de salvar las grandes dificultades que ella envuelve, he fijado mi atención en la idea de crear una comisión organizada en la forma que más conveniente parezca al Congreso, y la cual hará un examen detenido de las circunstancias relativas a los reclamos presentados contra el Gobierno. Los trabajos de esa comisión, si el pensamiento fuere aceptado, deben llevarse a efecto antes que las altas partes contratantes en el tratado de canal se pongan de acuerdo en cuanto a la inversión de los fondos disponibles por ese convenio. . . . "

6. January 1, 1917.  "Manifiesto del Presidente Electo Don Emiliano Chamorro," p. 6.  " . . . Es mi deseo formular un plan del que puedan derivarse resultados de mutua ventaja para todos los interesados, y obtener también una base más segura de procedimiento, para el fin de liquidar toda deuda del país, poniendo así al Gobierno sobre sólidos cimientos económicos. ¶ Ahora bien, para hacer frente a la crisis, en cuanto a la administración pública, hay que recurrir a medios nada difíciles de poner en práctíca, cuando existe buena voluntad para servir al país. Entre esos arbitrios, el más indicado por el momento, y que se impone con el carácter de una medida de verdadera salvación pública, es reducir los gastos del Gobierno a las necesidades imprescindibles, recurso sencillo e indispensable para obtener pronto la disminución de la deuda nacional, que debe ser nuestra preocupación constante, y que nos abrirá la puerta para entrar al goce de la verdadera independencia. No debe costar mucho a nuestros sentimientos ni a nuestras ideas el vivir la vida modesta de otros tiempos, la que practicaron los prohombres de los treinta años, y que les permitió, no sólo atender oportuna y cumplidamente a todos los servicios públicos, sino también establecer importantes mejoras materiales, como el telégrafo y el ferrocarril, y fundar en Nicaragua la enseñanza primaria gratuita y obligatoria. La sencillez en el modo de vivir y la elevación en el modo de pensar fué la divisa de aquellos patricios y debe ser también la nuestra. ¶ La obra que realiza la economía no es meramente negativa, no se limita a eliminar gastos y reducirlos hasta equilibrarlos con las rentas. En cuanto al ahorro, discretamente practicado, no es más que el primer paso en el camino de la prosperidad; así lo fué en nuestro pasado y así lo será, no hay duda, en nuestro inmediato porvenir; y para que esa prosperidad no sea ficticia debe descansar sobre la base fundamental de . . . "

7. January 1, 1917.  "Manifiesto del Presidente Electo Don Emiliano Chamorro," p. 7.  " . . .  la moneda de valor fijo que hemos logrado establecer a costa de tantos y tan grandes sacrificios y que debemos mantener de modo inquebrantable como imprescindible factor del crédito para no caer de nuevo en el caos financiero que engendra el papel moneda. ¶ Pero nada habremos adelantado en nuestros anhelos patrióticos si nos cruzamos de brazos esperándolo todo de la acción del Gobierno y de la economía oficial, y si de una vez no nos esforzamos, con decidido empeño, cada uno en su línea, por levantar al país de la escasez en que se halla. La verdadera causa de la crisis económica radica en la exigüidad de nuestra producción, comparada con los gastos que las exigencias de la época han venido haciendo cada vez mayores. ¶ Impónese, en consecuencia, como necesidad primordial para salir de esta angustiosa situación, fomentar en el pueblo hábitos de trabajo y de economía, que le den confianza en sí mismo y en su propia actividad y lo hagan vivir en consonancia con ella: estimular las energías nacionales, dando nuevamente vida y confianza a la iniciativa privada, y comunicar vigoroso impulso a la agricultura, en que cifran su prosprosperidad todos los países. ¶ Como medio para mantenar la energía individual, Nicaragna debe apoyar eficazmente la humanitaria institución del filántro Rockefeller, cuyos benéficos frutos está palpando desde hace meses nuestro pueblo. Todos la miramos cual un esfuerzo inestimable, esencialmente generoso, en pro del bienestar individual y, en último término, de la salud y energía física y moral de la colectividad. Rindámosla en esta solemne ocasión las muestras de nuestra profunda gratitud y, como hasta hoy, hagamos tangible este sentimiento secundándola como a ello nos obliga nuestra propia conveniencia. . . . "

8. January 1, 1917.  "Manifiesto del Presidente Electo Don Emiliano Chamorro," p. 8.  " . . . A fin de promover el desarrollo agrícola, con economía de capital, de fuerza y de tiempo y con incremento positivo en la producción, me propongo fundar escuelas prácticas de agricultura, en donde jóvenes que tengan la conveniente preparación puedan adquirir conocimientos acerca de los mejores métodos de explotar las tierras, basados en principios científicos, y aplicándolos no sólo a los cultivos ya usados en el país, sino también a otros propios de nuestro clima, haciendo uso de la maquinaria e instrumentos adecuados y de los abonos convenientes que aseguren un máximum de producción con mínimum de costo y energía. ¶ En relación con estas ideas, me esforzaré en la mejora y construcción de buenas carreteras que permitan una segura comunicación entre las poblaciones de la República no unidas por ferrocarril para facilitar la exportación o intercambio de los productos, poniendo al mismo tiempo los medios u ofreciendo facilidades para que se inicien y lleven a término las obras del ferrocarril al Atlántico y la mejora de la vía fluvial por San Juan del Norte, que abrirán a Nicaragua vastos horizontes poniéndola en más íntima contacto con la civilización y el comercio del mundo. ¶ En cuanto lo permitan las circunstancias económicas propondré la derogación de la ley que grava la exportación del café, impuesto a todas luces injusto, porque pesa exclusivamente sobre un gremio en beneficio de los demás, y pena al productor con una contribución, cuando se estimula con primas en otras naciones la exportación que acrecienta la riqueza nacional. ¶ Otro tanto diré de nuestra desamparada inductria minera, y, en general, de los artículos exportables gravados con derechos. ¶ Y por lo que toca a la importación y a los im- . . . "

9. January 1, 1917.  "Manifiesto del Presidente Electo Don Emiliano Chamorro," p. 9.  " . . . puestos decretados sobre ella, me declaro francamonte a favor de la Tarifa Proteccionista, por medio de la cual se eviten los gravámenes que recaen directamente sobre las materias que necesita nuestra incipiente industria. ¶ Como protección a las clases trabajadoras, trataré de abolir o restringir, por lo menos, el sistema de reclutamientos forzosos en tiempo de paz para proveer al servicio de las guarniciones, sistema impuesto únicamente a la clase más pobre y a quien inopinadamente se la arrebata de sus quehaceres y del seno de su familia, quizá cuando ésta necesita más de su trabajo y amparo. Con el interés del magistrado que reclama el bien para sus gobernados, os pediré, pues, que pongáis fin a esa práctica inhumana elaborando una ley que distribuya equitativamente el servicio militar. ¶ El tratado Chamorro-Bryan, que tuve la honra de firmar como plenipotenciario de Nicaragua, ha producido cierto rozamiento con algunas de las repúblicas vecinas que han supuesto afectados sus derechos territoriales por aquel convenio. Como considero infundadas tales suposiciones, tengo la seguridad de que los países hermanos llegarán al convencimiento de que en manera alguna hemos abrigado la intención de menoscabar en lo mínimo sus derechos y de que una mejor inteligencia del asunto y del espíritu fraternal que anima a Nicaragua con respecto a las otras secciones de la antigna patria, disipará por completo los recelos que, sin motivos de nuestra parte, ha despertado una negociación que será provechosa para las cinco repúblicas. ¶ Estimo, por consiguiente, como pasajeras diferen- . . . "

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