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OCTOBER 1927

1.  October 1, 1927. "Intelligence Report for the week ending October 1, 1927," Major Glenn E. Hayes, C.O. Ocotal, to Chief of the G.N., Managua, p. 1.   "Headquarters, Division of Nueva Segovia, Guardia Nacional de Nicaragua, Ocotal, Nicaragua, October 1, 1927. ¶ From: The Commanding Officer. ¶ To: The Chief of Guardia Nacional de Nicaragua, Managua, Nicaragua. ¶ Via: OFFICIAL CHANNELS. ¶ Subject: Intelligence report for the week ending October 1, 1927. ¶ Reference: Paragraph 15, Special Order # 60. ¶ 1. In accordance with the provisions of the reference, I report as follows for the week ending October 1, 1927: ¶ GENERAL STATE OF TERRITORY OCCUPIED: ¶ (a) Ocotal – peaceful. ¶ (b) Jicaro – peaceful. ¶ (c) Intervening territory – generally peaceful but inhabitants are nervous and easily excited. They appear to expect some enemy action in the near future. I believe this to be solely conjecture on their part. ¶ ATTITUDE OF CIVIL POPULATION: ¶ (a) No change ¶ ECONOMIC CONDITIONS: ¶ (a) Ocotal – very good – prices of all commodities are coming down. Sugar, which was $20. per hundred pounds when the 1st Company arrived at Ocotal, now costs but $12. for that amount ¶ (b) No noted change in other districts. ¶ ATTITUDE OF PRESS: ¶ (a) No periodicals published in Division. ¶ (b) No reports received on attitude of foreign press. ¶ FRICTION BETWEEN TROOPS AND CIVIL POPULATION: ¶ (a) None. [...]"

2.  October 1, 1927. "Intelligence Report for the week ending October 1, 1927," Major Glenn E. Hayes, C.O. Ocotal, to Chief of the G.N., Managua, p. 2.   "[...] Subject: Intelligence report for the week ending October 1, 1927. ¶ POLICE OPERATIONS: ¶ (a) Fernando Vallecillo shot himself twice in the chest on the public street at 7:30 PM, September 27, 1927. He died about five minutes later as a result of those wounds. No persons actually witnessed this incident but the fact that he had been in a state of melancholia during the day together with the fact that neither his outer nor his under shirt was pierced by the bullets points directly to suicide. The pistol connected with this incident was a 32 calibre Smith and Wesson and was found close to the body. It contained two exploded cartridges the other chambers being empty. This pistol was purchased from Guillermo Lopez by Vallecillo on September 26th. The latter stated to Lopez that he intended to secure the regular permit for the possesion [possession] of firearms that same day. This office has no record of an application for a permit to possess or carry firearms by him. ¶ (b) A gang murder was reported to have taken place at Los Arados, one league north of Monsonte, on the afternoon of September 29th. Dispatched a patrol under the command of Captain Grover C. Darnall, Guardia Nacional, to that vicinity early in the morning of September 30. This patrol, apparently, had an unreliable guide as it later developed that he did not take them to the place in question but about one mile short of that place. This patrol returned at noon of the same day reporting that the inhabitants had heard of no bandit activity. I dispatched another patrol to that place the following morning and this patrol developed the fact that Geroncio Florian was killed at Los Arados as reported. He was, according to the reports of civilians, set upon by an armed band who fired at him and inflicted a slight scalp wound. He was then attacked with machetes and killed. One man fled from the patrol upon its approach but his horse was captured. Agepito Amaya has been apprehended in connection with this murder but the principal participants are still at large. The following named men, described by eyewitnesses to have actually killed Florian, are wanted by these headquarters: ¶ Gerardo Lopez – residence Monsonte – medium build – dark – slightly bearded – curly hair – has elephanthiasis [elephantiasis] of one foot – a known killer ¶ Eulalio Gomez – residence Monsonte – thin – tall – smooth shaven – dark – straight black hair. [...]"

3.  October 1, 1927. "Intelligence Report for the week ending October 1, 1927," Major Glenn E. Hayes, C.O. Ocotal, to Chief of the G.N., Managua, p. 3.   "[...] Subject: Intelligence report for the week ending October 1, 1927. ¶ POLICE OPERATIONS, (continued): ¶ (c) The following named men were confined during the period covered by this report: ¶ September 27, Ramiro Ortez, residence ORISI Rancho, father Presentacion Ortez with same address. This young man is apparently violently insane but has intervals of apparently rational mentality. He was confined and otherwise restrained as a protection to himself and to others. A letter to the Chief of Guardia has covered this case. ¶ September 28, Francisco Salcedo, residence Ocotal. This man is charged with calumnia by one Fernando Jarquin growing out of certain public statements he is alleged to have made in connection with the death of Fernando Vallecillo. ¶ (d) The following prisoners were released during the period covered by this report for the reasons indicated: ¶ October 1st. Francisco Salcedo. Upon the execution of a fianza by a properly qualified citizen guaranteeing his appearance when desired. ¶ MILITARY OPERATIONS: ¶ (a) None other than the military patrols reported in police operations. ¶ Miscellaneous: ¶ (a) None. ¶ Glenn E. Hayes."

1.  October 1, 1927. "Chamorro's candidacy to the Presidency of Nicaragua," memo from Mr. Francis White to Mr. Robert Olds, p. 1.    "October 1, 1927. ¶ To: Mr. Olds. ¶ From: Mr. White. ¶ Re: Chamorro’s candidacy to the Presidency of Nicaragua. ¶ Chamorro called on the Secretary today with Chandler Anderson but the Secretary was very rushed and could not do more than shake hands and exchange civilities. Chamorro will be here all the month of October so there is no particular rush about seeing him. He told me that he wanted to come in to see me upon my return. If the Secretary sees him in any absence, I feel very strongly that we should tell him that we will not recognize him if he should run and be elected as President next time. The Constitutional provision is clear on this subject. It is as follows: ¶ “Art. 104. The term of office of the President and Vice-President of the Republic shall be four years, and shall begin on the first of January. No citizen who holds the office of President, either as the duly elected incumbent or accidentally, shall be eligible to the office of President or Vice-President for the next term.” ¶ The Department has consistently taken the position in the past that anybody holding the office for any length of time during one term is debarred from holding office during the next. This was applied by Mr. Hughes in the case of Martinez who succeeded to the Presidency on the death of Diego Chamorro at the end of 1923. He wanted to resign before the 1924 ¶ elections […]"

2.  October 1, 1927. "Chamorro's candidacy to the Presidency of Nicaragua," memo from Mr. Francis White to Mr. Robert Olds, p. 2.    "[…] elections and be candidate for re-election and we categorically told him that he would not be recognized. Colonel Stimson agrees with this interpretation and on September 26 saw Chamorro and reported his conversation as follows: ¶ “This afternoon General Chamorro called to see me with Major Rodriguez formerly of the Nicaraguan Constabulary. They remained nearly an hour. Chamorro promptly asked me whether everybody was eligible to be a candidate for the coming election. I told him that in my opinion he was not eligible having been an acting president during the preceding term. I also told him that I had personally witnessed the devastation which had taken place in Nicaragua and felt that it very largely came from his action under very bad advice and that for this reason I did not think that anyone would be inclined to modify on his behalf what seemed to be the plain construction of the Constitution. He said that he was the strongest and most popular man in the Conservative Party and that such a decision tended to handicap that Party. I told him that I hoped for his own sake and for that of his country he would go back there and get behind the Conservative who was nominated and do his best to elect him. He replied that this would not be equally effective in securing Conservative success. I said that we were in the country now and had solemnly promised to hold a fair election and would do our best to see that it was orderly and fair. I told him that in my opinion it was far better that America should not favor either party and that we did not intend to do so. That I had been surprised to find that as great manifestation of friendship was shown to this country by the Liberals when I went to Nicaragua as by the Conservatives. ¶ “He spoke with every appearance of frankness and the interview though plain spoken was devoid of any bitterness and we parted with expressions of mutual esteem.” ¶ The Secretary is prepared to do this and went into the matter of the Constitution himself about a month ago, and is satisfied that this is the correct interpretation. I feel very strongly, however, that we should go even further and tell Chamorro that we will not permit him to run. He ¶ was […]"

3.  October 1, 1927. "Chamorro's candidacy to the Presidency of Nicaragua," memo from Mr. Francis White to Mr. Robert Olds, p. 3.    "[…] was the cause of all the trouble in Nicaragua and now that we have gone in at considerable sacrifice of money and life to straighten things out I do not think that we would be justified in seeing all this work go for naught. Furthermore, we would stultify ourselves to conduct a free and fair election, permitting an individual to run for President when we knew we would not recognize him. Chamorro will say that the Secretary is dictating to Nicaragua and picking out its Presidential candidate. I think the answer is that he is doing nothing of the sort but is straightening out the mess Chamorro made, and that entails the election of a President who can constitutionally hold office. With the exception of one or two persons like Chamorro and Diaz who are debarred by the Constitution, we are of course making no exceptions whatsoever. Anybody else can run that wants to and they will get as fair a deal as we can give them and Chamorro will be free to throw the full weight of his influence to whatever candidate he wants. ¶ Dictated but not seen by Mr. White. ¶ A-L ¶ FW:ABN"

October 7, 1927.  "Violations of Instructoins for the Use of Codes and Ciphers," Brigade Commander L. M. Gulick, Managua, to Commander Special Service Squadron Flagship USS Rochester.   HEADQUARTERS, ¶ SECOND BRIGADE MARINE CORPS, ¶ MANAGUA, NICARAGUA. ¶ 7 October, 1927. ¶ SECRET ¶ From: The Brigade Commander. ¶ To: Commander Special Service Squadron, Flagship USS ROCHESTER. ¶ Subject: Violations of Instructions for the Use of Codes and Ciphers. ¶ Reference: (a) Letter from Commander Special Service Squadron to Brigade Commander, dated 24 September 1927, A6-3(304). ¶ 1. Contents of the above reference have been noted and steps have been taken to prevent further discrepancies in the use of codes and ciphers. ¶ 2. This office has not a copy of C&P 457, same was requested from the Chief of Naval Operations by radio, 3 September 1927, to date a reply to this request has not been received. ¶ 3. It is requested that this office be furnished with all changes in the use of codes and ciphers. ¶ L. M. GULICK."

1.  October 8, 1927.  "Intelligence Report for the week ending October 8, 1927," Commanding Officer Glenn E. Hayes, Ocotal, to Chief of the G.N.N., Managua, p. 1.   "Headquarters, Division of Nueva Segovia, Guardia Nacional de Nicaragua, Ocotal, Nicaragua, October 8, 1927. ¶ From: The Commanding Officer. ¶ To: The Chief of the Guardia Nacional de Nicaragua, Managua, Nicaragua. ¶ Via: OFFICIAL CHANNELS. ¶ Subject: Intelligence report for the week ending October 8, 1927. ¶ Reference: Paragraph 15, Special Order # 60. ¶ 1. In accordance with the provisions of the reference, I report as follows for the week ending October 8, 1927: ¶ GENERAL STATE OF TERRITORY OCCUPIED: ¶ Ocotal – peaceful ¶ Jicaro – peaceful ¶ Intervening territory – generally peaceful. Bandits are reported, however, to be in the vicinity of La Puerta which endangers the line of communication between this city and Jicaro should they plan to move in the direction of Santa Clara ¶ Attitude of Civil Population Toward Forces: ¶ No noted change in area occupied. ¶ ECONOMIC CONDITIONS: ¶ No change in conditions reported in my report of October 1, 1927. Prices fluctuate in the matter of foodstuffs, but this is believed to be normal considering the infrequency of pack trains due to inclement weather. Labor is plentiful and employment is available provided men are willing to leave the cities and work in haciendas. Most of them, however, prefer to remain in the cities where troops are present. ¶ ATTITUDE OF PRESS: ¶ No press in division. ¶ No information received as to attitude of foreign press. ¶ FRICTION BETWEEN TROOPS AND CIVIL POPULATION: ¶ None. [...]"

2.  October 8, 1927.  "Intelligence Report for the week ending October 8, 1927," Commanding Officer Glenn E. Hayes, Ocotal, to Chief of the G.N.N., Managua, p. 2.   "[...] Subject: Intelligence report for the week ending October 8, 1927, (continued). ¶ POLICE OPERATIONS: ¶ See police report of even date. ¶ Military Operations: ¶ Two patrols arrived this week and returned to the stations assigned; one from Somoto and the other from Pueblo Nuevo. The patrol leaders reported that these patrols were accomplished without incident. Both patrols were composed entirely of Marine Corps personnel. ¶ A Guardia patrol repaired the Ocotal-Jicaro telegraph line which, Lieutenant Bruce reports, was cut in two places in the vicinity of Sabana Grande on October 1st. It is not known whether this out was effected by bandits or by sympathetic civilians. ¶ A Guardia patrol under the command of Sergento Manuel Rivas patrolled to Los Arados and return on a police mission on October 8th. This patrol was accomplished without incident. (see police report of even date) ¶ MISCELLANEOUS: ¶ Persistent reports have been received this week both at Jicaro and in this city that the bandit Sandino has been reenforced [reinforced] by 200 Honduranians [Hondurans]. The reports at Jicaro add also 200 Jinotegans. These reports are brought in by people who are not particularly well known and are not considered very reliable. ¶ The town of Hula has been reported occupied by bandits by a property owner there. He described his house, an isolated one, and stated that it was used by these men as quarters. He authorized the bombing of this house in the event that persons were discovered there. ¶ The plane piloted by Lieutenant Thomas is reported to have crashed one mile north of Ciudad Viejo near Quilali, this morning. This plane immediately burst into flames but the pilot and his observer were seen running rapidly from wreck. They signalled [signaled] their safety to the escort plane which proceeded immediately to Ocotal passing over Jicaro enroute and requesting of that station that a patrol be dispatched to the scene of the crash. A patrol under the command of 1st Lieutenant George O’Shea cleared Jicaro for that place at 1400 today. A patrol which had left Jicaro for Ocotal with the Guardia payroll and was but a few miles from Jicaro was recalled in view of the depletion of the command. [...]"

3.  October 8, 1927.  "Intelligence Report for the week ending October 8, 1927," Commanding Officer Glenn E. Hayes, Ocotal, to Chief of the G.N.N., Managua, p. 3.   "[...] Subject: Intelligence report for the week ending October 8, 1927, (continued). ¶ MISCELLANEOUS: (continued) ¶ But two gangs of bandits are known to be operating west of Santa Clara, that of Anastacio Hernandez and the rather disorganized group under Santos Lobo. The latter was reported on October 2, 1927, to be in Santa Rosa and the commanding officer of the troops in that area was so advised. No reports have been received as to the location or intentions of Hernandez. He is a conservative and his method has usually been to operate near the border with the assistance of the conservative element on the Honduras side. It is also reported that he has received assistance from prominent conservatives in this department and that at times they have even directed his movements. He has been described as “the private assassin of the Pagaguas”. The latter are a family of considerable means whose residence is in this city. The only contact I have had with this family has been to arrest one member thereof for intoxication and to investigate the alleged theft of a calf by one other member. This latter case has not been decided and will probably remain pending for a period of about one week. The Pagaguas apparently have no social contact with other people in the city and are generally poorly thought of. Gustavo Pagagua was at one time during the recent revolution Jefe Politico of this Department and, from all reports, used that office to further his own ends and nothing else. These reports are from Conservatives and Liberals alike. He is reported, in some quarters, to be actively directing the movements and depredations of Hernandez. ¶ Work has progressed very satisfactorily on the construction of a new runway at the aviation field here. This work has been carried on by laborers from this vicinity under the direct supervision of Sergento Garcia of the Guardia. This work will probably he completed during the early part of the coming week. The runway now used was constructed directly across the prevailing wind with its consequential menace. I believe that the new field constructed will increase the factor of safety in taking-off by at least fifty percent, and that safe landings will be greatly facilitated thereby. ¶ Glenn E. Hayes."

1.  October 8, 1927.  Conference with Henry L. Stimson, Gen. Emiliano Chamorro, and others on the upcoming Nicaraguan elections, p. 1.  "Tuesday, ¶ October 4, 1927. ¶ NICARAGUA ¶ Conference with H. L. S. [Henry L. Stimson]"

2.  October 8, 1927.  Conference with Henry L. Stimson, Gen. Emiliano Chamorro, and others on the upcoming Nicaraguan elections, p. 2.  "Tuesday, ¶ October 4, 1927. ¶ NICARAGUA ¶ Colonel Dufour telephoned Mr. Anderson [“telephoned Mr. Anderson” is crossed out with “called” handwritten above it] at the office this morning, and I told him that Mr. Anderson had already left Washington, was now in New York, and expected to sail tomorrow at midnight. He said that he had received Mr. Anderson’s letter of September 30, and that, before talking with General Chamorro, he wanted to talk with the Nicaraguan Minister and others regarding the general situation. He said that he expected to see General Chamorro tomorrow. He is staying at the Mayflower. I told him that in case he wanted to get in touch with Mr. Anderson he could do so at the Metropolitan Club, New York, in the early morning, or at Mr. Anderson’s New York office after that. ¶ General Chamorro also came in this morning and asked me if I had the memorandum for him. I told him that I had mailed it to Mr. Anderson yesterday for revision and that I expected it back either Wednesday or Thursday and that I would deliver it to him immediately after it was put in final form. I also told him that I would deliver to him at the Mayflower this afternoon the copies of the letters which Mr. Anderson had Miss Thayer copy. ¶ Delivered at the Mayflower Hotel this afternoon for General Chamorro six copies each of the translation of his letters to Dr. Cesar and Mr. Anderson. ¶ Friday, ¶ November 4, 1927. ¶ General Chamorro called at the office this afternoon to inquire as to the date of Mr. Anderson’s return, and I told him that he was expected to arrive in New York on the “Homeric” on Wednesday, the 9th. He said that he expected to be in New York at that time and would make an effort to see Mr. Anderson. [...]"

3.  October 8, 1927.  Conference with Henry L. Stimson, Gen. Emiliano Chamorro, and others on the upcoming Nicaraguan elections, p. 3.  "[...] Saturday, ¶ October 9, 1927. ¶ NICARAGUA ¶ I saw Secretary Kellogg by appointment at 9 o’clock this morning. He told me that the position of the Department in regard to General Chamorro’s candidacy in the coming Presidential election in Nicaragua was that he was disqualified under Article 104 of the Nicaraguan Constitution, and would not be recognized by this Government if elected. We discussed Article 104, the Spanish text of which he had before him, and he admitted that it might be interpreted differently, but that the Department was interpreting it to mean that a citizen who had exercised the Presidency during any part of a presidential term was disqualified for the succeeding period, and he said that the experts in the Department had advised him that the Spanish could be so interpreted and that he had obtained a legal opinion to the effect that this was a proper interpretation in view of the purpose of the provision. I pointed out to him that the literal interpretation was that “the citizen who is exercising (or who may be exercising) the Presidency is not eligible for a succeeding term”, but he rejected this rendering, and said that it would make the provision meaningless if it permitted anyone who is in the office to resign shortly before the election and then be elected for the following term. He is quite wrong about this, because the purpose of the provision is to prevent the individual in the office of President from exercising the power of the Presidency to have himself elected [“or nominated” handwritten here] for another term, and it certainly cannot apply to anyone who is not in the office at any time during the Presidential campaign. ¶ I also pointed out to him that this Government had declared that General Chamorro was not the Constitutional President of Nicaragua while he was exercising the presidential power, and that, of course, the Constitution could not be interpreted as applying to such a case, because that would imply that the Constitution recognized that a man who was not President constitutionally could exercise the presidential power. He said that he did not think my point was well taken, but as he had no time to give to a discussion of the matter at the moment, any further discussion would have to be postponed. ¶ He told me that he had made an appointment to see General Chamorro and the Nicaraguan Minister at 10 o’clock, and he said that he would like to have me come in with them, and I told him I would do so if they had no objection. ¶ Between the two appointments I saw General Chamorro and told him what Secretary Kellogg had said, and advised him in his interview with the Secretary not to raise the question of his candidacy, so as not to give him a chance to state officially to them what he had stated to me, and that in order to avoid bringing up this point he should say that there was a number of matters concerning the Nicaraguan situation which he would like to talk over with him at his convenience, and that he was to be here through the month of October and would await the Secretary’s pleasure for a further conference. [...]"

4.  October 8, 1927.  Conference with Henry L. Stimson, Gen. Emiliano Chamorro, and others on the upcoming Nicaraguan elections, p. 4.  "[...] NICARAGUA ¶ At 10 o’clock General Chamorro, Minister Cesar, and I, called on the Secretary, who had with him, as I anticipated, Assistant Secretary White and Mr. Stokley Morgan, evidently anticipating that General Chamorro was going to raise at this conference the same question that I had raised at the previous one. General Chamorro very skillfully carried out the program we had arranged, and he confined himself to expressing his approval of the Administration’s plan of supervising the coming election in order to insure a free and fair popular decision, and I told the Secretary that I had explained to General Chamorro that he had very little time at his disposal this morning, and so we would not ask to go into any other questions. The Secretary had told me that he could only give us a few minutes and we must make our interview short. General Chamorro then said that at the Secretary’s convenience he would like to come in to see him again for a longer discussion of some important matters, and the Secretary said that after Mr. Olds got back he would be glad to see him and would make an appointment at their mutual convenience. The interview terminated on that basis."

1.  October 15, 1927.  "Intelligence Report for the week ending October 15, 1927," Commanding Officer Glenn E. Hayes, Ocotal, to the Chief of the G.N.N., Managua, p. 1.   "Headquarters, Division of Nueva Segovia, Guardia Nacional de Nicaragua, Ocotal, Nicaragua, October 15, 1927. ¶ From: The Commanding Officer. ¶ To: The Chief of the Guardia Nacional de Nicaragua, Managua[,] Nicaragua. ¶ Via: Official Channels. ¶ Subject: Intelligence report for the week ending October 15, 1927. ¶ Reference: Paragraph 15, Special Order # 60. ¶ 1. In accordance with the provisions of the reference, I report as follows for the week ending October 15, 1927: ¶ GENERAL STATE OF TERRITORY OCCUPIED: ¶ Ocotal – peaceful. ¶ Jicaro – peaceful. ¶ Intervening and adjacent terrritory [territory] – disturbed. Bandits under Carmen Torrez with a strength of about 150 men are reliably reported to be operating in Jalapa – Muyuca – Arinal – La Puerta area. Residents of San Fernando and Santa Clara are still living at Aryan in fear of depredations by this band. Anastacio Hernandez with a band whose strength is not known but is not believed to be in excess of fifty men, is reported to be operating in the El Potrero – San Fabian – Dipilto area and but few houses in the area are occupied by their owners or regular tenants. ¶ Attitude of Civil Population Toward Forces: ¶ No change noted in area occupied or in adjacent territory. ¶ ECONOMIC CONDITIONS: ¶ No change in conditions noted in my reports of October 1 and 8, 1927, except that increasingly inclement weather is hampering travel on the roads to an even greater degree. Some merchants are now handling their own pack trains due to their inability to secure muleros and packers to do so. ¶ ATTITUDE OF PRESS: ¶ No press in Division. ¶ No information received as to attitude of foreign press. ¶ FRICTION BETWEEN TROOPS AND CIVIL POPULATION: ¶ None. [...]"

2.  October 15, 1927.  "Intelligence Report for the week ending October 15, 1927," Commanding Officer Glenn E. Hayes, Ocotal, to the Chief of the G.N.N., Managua, p. 2.   "[...] Subject: Intelligence report for week ending October 15, 1927. ¶ POLICE OPERATIONS: ¶ See police report of even date. ¶ MILITARY OPERATIONS: ¶ On October 9th, 1927, a patrol under the command of 1st Lieutenant George O’Shea, consisting of ten marines and ten Guardia, together with Captain John B. O’Neill, Guardia Nacional, was proceeding to the scene of the crash of the plane piloted by Lieutenant Thomas near Quilali. They were attacked by a force of about 200 bandits near the scene of the crash which force was later augmented by about 175 more bandits. They fought their way through one of the smaller forces and made their way down stream beds to Jicarito, continuing their journey to Jicaro by road. During the engagement near the scene of the crashed plane four members of the Guardia Nacional were killed. No other casualties were suffered by the patrol in this operation. The names of the men killed in action are as follows: ¶ Sergento Porfirio Melendez, #101, ¶ Raso Juan Benavides, #35, ¶ “ Luis Bustos, #122, and ¶ “ Francisco Gutierrez, #6. ¶ Lieutenant O’Shea reports that all members of the Guardia Nacional who were members of this patrol conducted themselves with great coolness under fire, and that their work generally was a credit to our organization. Recommendation for citation and decoration of these men has been made the subject of separate communications. ¶ Captain Roger W. Peard, Marine Corps, arrived at Ocotal with a patrol of seven men arrived from Pueblo Nuevo at 7:30 PM, August 9, 1927. He reported the area covered clear. ¶ A patrol consisting of thirty marines under the command of Gunnery Sergeant Gordon, left Ocotal for Jicaro with a ration train at 0800 October 12, 1927, arriving at the latter place in the early evening October 13, 1927. They reported the road clear. ¶ A patrol under my personal command left Ocotal at 0400 this date for Mosonte. This patrol consisted of thirteen mounted marines, three Guardia, and Lieutenant Chappell of the Marine Corps. The mission of this patrol was to capture certain alleged murderers known to reside in that city and to search the town for arms which were believe [believed] to be there. [...]"

3.  October 15, 1927.  "Intelligence Report for the week ending October 15, 1927," Commanding Officer Glenn E. Hayes, Ocotal, to the Chief of the G.N.N., Managua, p. 3.   "[...] Subject: Intelligence report for the week ending October 15, 1927 ¶ The patrol accomplished its mission, capturing four persons alleged to have participated in the murder of Geroncio Florian on September 29, 1927, at Los Arados, and confiscating one rifle found in a house occupied by women. The patrol returned to Ocotal at 0830 the same date without further incident. (See police report of even date for information in greater detail) ¶ MISCELLANEOUS: ¶ Difficulty has again been experienced this week in maintaining telegraphic communication with Jicaro. This has been due to enemy sympathizers cutting the line near Sabana Grande on October 11th, and to the heavy rains which have caused short circuits. The operators experience particular difficulty in the early morning, but as the lines become dried out the work becomes easier. The lines at best are poorly insulated being strung usually between trees. All patrols, however, carry a machete and are instructed to cut branches back from the line whereever [wherever] observed near it. ¶ Santos Lobo, a bandit leader in the Pueblo Nuevo area was killed on the night of October 11th, at a house about six miles north west of that city. It is reported that he attempted to rape the wife of the owner of this house, one Oresco, and that the latter killed him with a knife, another person hitting him at the same time with a machete. Lobo’s men attempted to capture Oresco but he escaped and made his way to Pueblo Nuevo, reporting the facts to the commanding officer of marines there. A patrol under the command of 1st Lieutenant Merton A. Richal, Marine Corps, proceded [proceeded] to the scene the next day and exhumed the body, verifying the identification. It is believed that his death will disorganize his band which was composed, principally, of Honduranian [Honduran] thugs and murderers. Seven of the band were captured by Lieutenant Richal’s patrol and one killed in addition to Lobo. ¶ A frightfully brutal murder occurred about 2000 yards east of this city during the night of October 13 – 14. Four men were attacked from behind with machetes and literally hacked to pieces. These persons had evidently been brought from some distance to the scene of the crime and were apparently defensless [defenseless] as two of the [them] were tied together with rope. Their bodies were, to all appearances, purposely left in the center of the main road as a warning to the populace of the town and to the military garrison. Two bodies were identified as persons from the vicinity of Telpaneca and it is believed that they were brought as prisoners from that area. (See police report of even date.) [...] "

4.  October 15, 1927.  "Intelligence Report for the week ending October 15, 1927," Commanding Officer Glenn E. Hayes, Ocotal, to the Chief of the G.N.N., Managua, p. 4.   "[...] Subject: Intelligence report for the week ending October 15, 1927. (continued). ¶ Miscellaneous: (Continued) ¶ Sanchez was reported [“on Oct 11th” handwritten here] to be in the vicinity of El Sapote, a small village between Ciudad Antigua and the OCOTAL – JICARO road, with 150 men. This report was made by one Julio Maridiaga, who is considered reliable. ¶ Work has been about completed on the new runway for airplanes at the aviation field here. All that is left to be done is to clear one corner of cut brush, lop off a few trees, and “fine-comb” the area for twigs and thorns. The aviators have used this runway several times and are very enthusiastic over it. The new field with the old one affords them an opportunity to land or take off in any one of six directions desired[.] ¶ POLITICAL SITUATION: ¶ No changes. ¶ Glenn E. Hayes."

October 16, 1927.  "Memorandum for the Division Commander, Ocotal," S. M. Harrington, By direction, Managua.  "HEADQUARTERS, GUARDIA NACIONAL DE NICARAGUA, ¶ MANAGUA, NICARAGUA. ¶ 16 October, 1927. ¶ MEMORANDUM FOR THE DIVISION COMMANDER, OCOTAL: ¶ 1. Please fill out form [unreadable, possibly “No. I-1”] whenever opportunity permits in the case of the following: ¶ Carlos Salgado ¶ Jose Leon Diaz ¶ Simon Jiron ¶ Tonbio Solorzano [Toribio Solórzano] ¶ Porfirio Sanchez ¶ Anastacio Hernandez ¶ Pedro A Irias ¶ Manuel Echeverria ¶ Jose Leon Diaz ¶ Carlos Quezado ¶ Pedro Navarro ¶ Sebastian Barahona ¶ Simon Gonzalez ¶ Francisco Estrada. ¶ Juan Gregorio Colindres ¶ S. M. HARRINGTON, ¶ By direction"

October 18, 1927.  "Report of conditions in Nueva Segovia for October 17, 1927," Commanding Officer Glenn E. Hayes, Ocotal, to the Chief of the G.N.N., Managua.  "Headquarters, Division of Nueva Segovia, Guardia Nacional de Nicaragua, Ocotal, Nicaragua, October 18, 1927: ¶ From: The Commanding Officer. ¶ To: The Chief of the Guardia Nacional de Nicaragua, Managua, Nicaragua. ¶ DIRECT ¶ Subject: Report of conditions in Nueva Segovia for October 17, 1927. ¶ 1. In view of the interruption of telegraph service between this city and Managua, which is believed to have been caused by the heavy recent storms, it was impossible to report the conditions in this division by that means. A written report for that date is, therefore, submitted: ¶ (a) A mounted patrol consisting of myself, Second Lieutenant Clarence J. Chappell, Marine Corps, three enlisted men of the Guardia Nacional, and accompanied by the Criminal Judge of thedistrict [the district] and the Director of Sanidad, cleared Ocotal at 1430 on October 17, 1927, to investigate the reported murder of two men at San Fabian. The latter place is located about two leagues north of this city on the OCOTAL-DIPILTO road. Upon arriving thereat search disclosed the bodies of two men in one of the houses. These men were apparently brutally murdered with machetes, being cut about the head and body. They were identified as: ¶ Valentin Rodriguez, aged 21 years, a resident of Ocotal, and a servant in the employ of Señor Don Jose Peralta of the city. ¶ Pedro Gomez, age not known, residence at his own ranch in the Dipilto Mountains. ¶ No reasons or motives are known for this crime, but it is believed that it was committed by members of a band of thugs under Anastacio Hernandez, who has been reported in that locality. Rodriguez was a Conservative and Gomez a Liberal. The bodies, which had apparently been in the position in which found for three or four days, were buried on the spot, and the patrol returned to Ocotal without further incident[.] ¶ (b) Lieutenant Bruce at Jicaro reports that there are persistent rumors in that city that Lieutenant Thomas and Sergeant Dowdell worked their way across country and arrived at Telpaneca. ¶ Glenn E. Hayes."

October 19, 1927.  "Report of conditions Nueva Segovia for October 18, 1927," Commanding Officer Glen E. Hayes, Ocotal, to the Chief of the G.N.N., Managua.  "Headquarters, Division of Nueva Segovia, Guardia Nacional de Nicaragua, Ocotal, Nicaragua, October 19, 1927. ¶ From: The Commanding Officer. ¶ To: The Chief of the Guardia Nacional de Nicaragua, Managua, Nicaragua. ¶ Subject: Report of conditions Nueva Segovia for October 18, 1927. ¶ 1. At 4:00 pm October 17, 1927, while I was on patrol to San Fabian, an inhabitant of Mosonte reported firing near that city. Captain Roger W. Peard, Marine Corps, who was in the city of Ocotal at that time, dispatched a marine patrol to Mosonte to investigate the occurrence. That patrol left at 6:45 pm the 17th and returned at 3:00 AM the 18th. This patrol reported no enemy activity at Mosonte but stated that the inhabitants were very frightened and were in the brush. ¶ 2. Juan Amaya, aged 62 years, and Jose Angel Amaya, aged 17 years, appeared at these headquarters for medical treatment, the former suffering from a gunshot wound in the left bicep and the latter from a serious machete cut on the right side of the head. These men reside at El Rodeo on the Quisuli River about two miles north of the Ocotal-Jicaro road. They reported that a group of men came to El Rodeo at about 4:00 PM on October 17, 1927, tied up the women and made the statement that they would take them before “the General” that evening. The men residing there fled but in their flight were attacked by members of this band receiving the wounds reported. In addition Jose Expectacion Amaya was killed. The women escaped and their captors left the town in a northerly direction. ¶ 3. No reports have been received as to general enemy activity in the vicinity of Jicaro. Lieutenant Bruce states that there [are] no rumors in that city as to any changes in the enemy’s dispositions to the eastward. ¶ 4. This report is transmitted by letter in view of the poor reported communication by telegraph between this city and Managua. ¶ Glenn E. Hayes."

1.  October 22, 1927.  "Conversation.  General Emiliano Chamorro.  Non-recognition by Department of General Chamorro's candidacy for President of Nicaragua," Francis W. White, Washington, p. 1.    "Conversation. ¶ October 22, 1927. ¶ General Emiliano Chamorro ¶ Non-recognition by Department of General Chamorro’s candidacy for President of Nicaragua. ¶ General Chamorro called on me to-day and stated that he would like to know how the Department felt towards him since the happenings of October 25, 1925. He said that he had always been very friendly to the United States and was sorry if the Department had changed its feeling in any way toward him on account of what had taken place in Nicaragua. He stated that had he been told definitely at the outset that he would not be recognized, he would not have assumed the presidency. When he and General Estrada were taking the Loma, General Estrada had said to him that as soon as the Loma was taken, he should immediately return to his house and remain there quietly, but that he, General Chamorro, had replied that he did not care about the presidency, but merely wanted to be sure that everything went off peacefully and without causing trouble and uprisings in Nicaragua. He felt sure that as soon as it was known that he was in charge of the Loma, there would be no uprisings throughout the country. After the seizure of the Loma, he had seen Mr. Eberhardt very little, and he complained that he had not been definitely told that he would not be recognized, or he would not have taken the final steps. ¶ I told General Chamorro that I understood that he had been so ¶ informed, […] "

2.  October 22, 1927.  "Conversation.  General Emiliano Chamorro.  Non-recognition by Department of General Chamorro's candidacy for President of Nicaragua," Francis W. White, Washington, p. 2.    "[…] informed, and then read him cable No. 150 of October 25, 3 P.M. from Mr. Eberhardt, in which he had reported the seizure of the Loma and had added that he had been in communication with General Chamorro and advised him that the Legation had no other course to pursue than to support the Constitutional Government, and that any government assuming power by force would not be recognized by the Government of the United States. I added that the Department had immediately replied, approving Mr. Eberhardt’s action. Chamorro also stated that later on in December Mr. Eberhardt had read him a telegram from the Department, but this did not seem to state categorically that he would not be recognized, so I read to him the Department’s No. 114 of December 9, 7 P.M. and told him that I thought it could not have been stated more clearly. I added that this was all past history now, however, and we were now concerned with the rehabilitation of the country and the mending of damage that had been done. General Chamorro stated that he would like the Department in some way to indicate that it was not unfriendly to him, and as he put it “restore his civil rights”. He added that he wanted to return to Nicaragua and that he would not launch his candidacy when he got down there as he did not think any candidacy should be proclaimed until the Conservative Party Convention meets next May. There are several candidates for the nomination and should any candidacy be launched now it would divide the party, and he thought it better to wait, but he said that he would guarantee to confer with our Minister or Chargé in Managua next May regarding the Party’s candidate, ¶ and […]"

3.  October 22, 1927.  "Conversation.  General Emiliano Chamorro.  Non-recognition by Department of General Chamorro's candidacy for President of Nicaragua," Francis W. White, Washington, p. 3.    "[…] and he would undertake that only one acceptable to this Government would be nominated. ¶ I told General Chamorro that this was not what we wanted. It is not the Department’s policy, I said, to pick out candidates for President in a foreign country. That is an internal matter for the members of the party to determine for themselves, and whoever they may select who is not debarred by the Constitution or the Treaty of February 7, 1923, is, of course, acceptable to the Department. Each party must pick out its own candidate, and the Nicaraguan people must pick out from them their own President. The only thing the Department is called upon to say is whether it can recognize as Constitutional President a given individual. Anybody who can be elected in accordance with the Constitution and not in violation of Article II of the General Treaty of Peace and Amity would, of course, be recognized by the Department. I told General Chamorro that unfortunately in his case we could not give him recognition as President any time during the term beginning January 1, 1929, and then I handed him the following statement:- ¶ “On January 1, 1929, the Government of the United States will be confronted by the necessity of deciding whether it can consistently recognize the incoming administration in Nicaragua as the constitutional government of that country. While the United States is not supporting or opposing any political candidate it is most desirous that there should be no question at that time as to the eligibility under the constitution of the person who may have prevailed at the presidential elections, since it wishes to extend the fullest and most sympathetic cooperation to the new government. ¶ “In […]"

4.  October 22, 1927.  "Conversation.  General Emiliano Chamorro.  Non-recognition by Department of General Chamorro's candidacy for President of Nicaragua," Francis W. White, Washington, p. 4.   "[...] In these circumstances and in view of the reports that General Chamorro contemplates becoming a candidate for the presidency of Nicaragua in the 1928 elections, the Government of the United States has no choice but to point out that it regards General Chamorro as ineligible under the provisions of the Nicaraguan constitution to the office of President of Nicaragua during any part of the term commencing January 1, 1929. ¶ “Article 104 of the Nicaraguan constitution provides that ¶ ‘No citizen who holds the office of President, either as the duly elected incumbent or accidentally, shall be eligible to the office of President or Vice President for the next term.’ ¶ General Chamorro unquestionably held the office of President de facto from January 17 to October 20, 1926, thus bringing himself within the prohibition of Article 104 of the Constitution and Article II of the General Treaty of Peace and Amity of February 7, 1923, thus making it impossible for the Government of the United States to regard him as eligible to the office of President of Nicaragua for the term beginning January 1, 1929, or to recognize him as the Constitutional President of Nicaragua if he should claim or attempt to occupy the office during any part of said term.” ¶ General Chamorro read over the statement and said that he would like to come in later to confer with me and perhaps see the Secretary. I told him that I would, of course, be glad to receive him any time he cared to come in. ¶ A-L FW:MM"

October 22, 1927.  "Intelligence report for the week ending October 22, 1927," Commanding Officer Glenn E. Hayes, Ocotal, to Chief of the G.N.N., Managua, p. 1 only.    "Headquarters, Division of Nueva Segovia, Guardia Nacional de Nicaragua, Ocotal, Nicaragua, October 22, 1927. ¶ From: The Commanding Officer. ¶ To: The Chief of the Guardia Nacional de Nicaragua, Managua, Nicaragua. ¶ Via: Official Channels. ¶ Subject: Intelligence report for the week ending October 22, 1927. ¶ Reference: Paragraph 15, Special Order # 60, G.N. ¶ 1. In accordance with the provisions of the reference, I report as follows for the week ending October 22, 1927: ¶ GENERAL STATE OF TERRITORY OCCUPIED: ¶ Ocotal – peaceful. ¶ Jicaro – peaceful. ¶ Intervening and adjacent territory – disturbed. Carmen Torrez is still reported to be in the Santa Clara-Jalapa-Jicaro triangle with strength in excess of one hundred. Anastacio Hernandez with his gang of thieves and murderers is still at large and has committed crimes in territory to the north and east during the week. ¶ ATTITUDE OF CIVIL POPULATION TOWARD FORCES: ¶ No change noted in attitude previously reported. ¶ ECONOMIC CONDITIONS: ¶ Prices of food-stuffs and of other articles that must be packed or carted in from the interior are still up. Some cargoes, however, have arrived this week. There has been little rain this week and it is believed that pack trains will be moving regularly within a short time. ¶ Labor is plentiful but there is but little employment for the men within the city, and they are hesitant to leave it. A considerable number, however, have been employed at the aviation field in the clearing of a new runway. ¶ ATTITUDE OF PRESS: ¶ No press in Division. ¶ No information received as to attitude of foreign press. ¶ FRICTION BETWEEN TROOPS AND CIVIL POPULATION: ¶ None." 

October 23, 1927.  "Study and recommendations for patrolling of Coffee Zone," Lieut. Lewis Miller, Managua, to Jefe Director, G.N.N., Managua.   "HEADQUARTERS, GUARDIA NACIONAL DE NICARAGUA, ¶ MANAGUA, NICARAGUA. ¶ 23 October, 1927. ¶ From: Lieut. Lewis Miller, G.N. ¶ To: The Jefe Director. ¶ Subject: Study and recommendations for patrolling of Coffee Zone. ¶ 1. From careful study and observation it is believed that the entire zone, which extends over a distance of about 30 miles, can be effectively patrolled and order maintained by establishing small out-posts at the following places:- ¶ [the word “Englaterra” is typed here, but crossed out, with what appears to be “Cañon” handwritten next to it], which is about 8 miles south of Managua, ¶ El Crucero, where the road branches off in three directions, one leading to Managua, one to Diriamba and San Marcos and doubling back to Managua, ¶ Buenos Aires, ¶ San Francisco, which is also a crossroad, one leading to Diriamba and the other to San Marcos, ¶ at or near Diriamba and one ¶ at or near San Marcos. All of these places are between 8 and 10 miles apart and are located on the Managua – Diriamba – San Marcos highway and can be reached by motor vehicle. ¶ 2. Each out-post should have at least two animals for patrolling. In addition to the above out-posts there should be a mounted roving patrol maintained for the purpose of visiting all outlying plantations. ¶ 3. From all information gathered it would seem that all the disorder and murders in that region during the season can be traced to three things: - (1) Sale of illicit liquor, known as Cueusa, of which there is an enormous flow, (2) to the presence of numerous gambling places, and (3) to the fact that all workmen carry their machettes [machetes] with them during the week ends. ¶ 4. The undersigned noticed that numerous people on the road were armed with what is known as a “Cutacha,” which is not an implement of work but a fighting weapon. It is recommended that the above be considered when drawing up orders for the patrol. ¶ 5. Owing to the fact that very little of anything except coffee is raised in that region, small detachments may find it difficult to subsist on the standard ration. Not all of the plantations have living quarters for the men, therefor tentage should be taken along. ¶ 6. Whiel [While] at Diriamba the undersigned learned that Cato Sanchez, a well known Liberal freebooter, is at present somewhere in that region. He is credited with numerous hold ups and cattle stealing. Although not a fugitive from justice he keeps himself out of sight. ¶ LEWIS MILLER"

October 25, 1927.  "Information for the Command," Bilingual public flier signed by Col. L. H. Gulick, U.S.M.C.   "HEADQUARTERS SECOND BRIGADE MARINE CORPS, ¶ MANAGUA, NICARAGUA. ¶ 25 Octubre 1927. ¶ INFORMACION PARA EL COMANDO ¶ 1.—El 6 de noviembre en muchos lugares de Nicaragua tendrán lugar las Elecciones Municipales. ¶ Las Fuerzas Americanas están interesadas en que estas Elecciones sean conducidas observando la Ley y sin desórdenes. La presencia de Marinos en las numerosas Mesas Electorales obedece a propósitos de observación, y para recoger datos acerca de las causas de desórdenes, los cuales datos conforme se obtengan serán usados para la supervisión de las Elecciones Presidenciales, en noviembre de 1928. ¶ 2.—Hágase saber a todos los interesados que nuestras fuerzas estarán presentes en las Mesas Electorales el 6 de noviembre de este año solamente con propósitos de observación y todos los participantes tomarán precauciones para que la presencia de los Marinos en estas Elecciones no dé lugar a ningún partido para criticar su conducta en lo referente a neutralidad. ¶ 3.—Los Jefes de Patrullas rendirán un informe detallado de sus observaciones, y se referirán en sus informes a la causa o causas que puedan originar desórdenes en las Mesas Electorales, teniendo mucho cuidado de señalar si es el Partido Liberal o el Conservador el responsable por los desórdenes. ¶ 4.—Los intérpretes que acompañen a los Marinos serán requeridos para prestar juramento en el sentido de que ellos no favorecerán por ningún acto o interpretación, ninguno de los dos partidos en las próximas Elecciones. Los intérpretes que acompañen a los Marinos el 6 de noviembre de este año serán seleccionados la mitad de tendencias conservadoras y la mitad de tendencias liberales. ¶ L. H. GULICK, ¶ Colonel, U. S. Marine Corps, Commanding Second Brigade, U. S. Marine Corps. ¶ HEADQUARTERS SECOND BRIGADE MARINE CORPS, ¶ MANAGUA, NICARAGUA. ¶ 25 October, 1927. ¶ INFORMATION FOR THE COMMAND ¶ 1.—On November 6th Municipal Elections are to take place in numerous places of Nicaragua. ¶ The American Forces are interested that these elections be conducted with the law being observed and without disorder. The presence of Marines at the numerous polling places are for the purpose of observation and the gathering of data as to causes of disorder, such data as is accumulated to be used in the supervision of the Presidential Elections in November, 1928. ¶ 2.—Let it be known to all concerned that our forces are only present at the polling places on November 6th of this year for the purpose of observation and all concerned will take every precaution that the presence of Marines at these elections will, in no way, cause either party to criticize their conduct as to neutrality. ¶ 3.—The leaders of patrols will render detailed reports of their observations and will bring out in their reports the cause or causes that may be responsible for disorders at the polls, being careful to point out whether the Liberal or Conservative Party is responsible for the disorder. ¶ 4.—Interpreters accompanying Marines will be required to take an oath that they will not, by any act or interpretation, favor either party in the coming elections. Interpreters accompanying Marines on November 6th of this year will be selected, half having Conservative tendencies and half having Liberal tendencies. ¶ L. H. GULICK, ¶ Colonel, U. S. Marine Corps, Commanding Second Brigade, U. S. Marine Corps."

October 25, 1927.  Bilingual public letter of instructions to all interpreters employed by the Marine Corps for duty during the Election Period November 6, 1927, by order of Second Brigade Commander Lieutenant-Colonel B. S. Berry, U.S.M.C.   "..."

October 26, 1927.  Letter from J. A. Fagot, Bluefields, to U.S. Consul A. J. McConnico, Bluefields.   "Bluefields, Oct. 26, 1927 ¶ Hon. A.J. McConnico, ¶ American Consulate, ¶ City. ¶ Dear Mr. McConnico:- ¶ I beg to enclose letters of L.S. Mena and Messrs. Zepada and Guandique, the lawyers handling the case for The Albert Fagot Company. ¶ As the secretary of the Supreme Court did not answer Mr. Mena, he is enclosing Guandique’s letter of notification regarding the court decision, dated July 14th; accordingly, that must be the approximate date of the decision. ¶ Mr. Mena bases his claim of injustice on the fact that the Supreme Court did not allow his brother’s protest on the records, claiming that he (Mena) being Albert Fagot’s attorney, should have done so himself. The fact of the matter is, that Mr. Mena was first, a political prisoner and afterwards, was chased out of town. The opposing lawyer, as well as the Court, being cognizant of this fact, took advantage of it to throw out the protest made by Dr. Mena’s brother in his absence. ¶ The history of the case, however, dates back to 1920. Mr. Ibarra, in whose favor the case was decided, was Commandante at a place called Waspook, on the Rio Coco or Segovia. He signed two contracts for mahogany with The Albert Fagot Co. One, to be worked himself, the other to consist of purchases of mahogany from Indian cutters. The cutting by the Indians was illegal, but due to his position and influence, he was able to get away with. His claim is based on the logs cut by the Indians, part of which he delivered, part of which remained in the creeks. ¶ We believe that Mr. Mena’s protest should have been allowed, thereby giving him an opportunity to properly protect our interests. ¶ Respectfully yours, ¶ J. A. Fagot." 

1.  October 29, 1927.  "Intelligence report for the week ending October 29,1927," Commanding Officer Glenn E. Hayes, Ocotal, to the Chief of the G.N.N., Managua, p. 1.  "Headquarters, Division of Nueva Segovia, Guardia Nacional de Nicaragua, Ocotal, Nicaragua, October 29, 1927. ¶ From: The Commanding Officer. ¶ To: The Chief of the Guardia Nacional de Nicaragua, Managua, Nicaragua. ¶ Via: Official Channels. ¶ Subject: Intelligence report for the week ending October 29, 1927. ¶ Reference: Paragraph 15, Special Order # 60, G.N. ¶ 1. In accordance with the provisions of the reference, I report as follows for the week ending October 29, 1927: ¶ GENERAL STATE OF TERRITORY OCCUPIED: ¶ Ocotal – peaceful. ¶ Jicaro – peaceful. ¶ Intervening and adjacent territory – disturbed. Bands of bandits reported during the week operating in Dipilto, Sabana Grande, and Ciudad Antigua areas under command of Anastacio Hernandez, Encarnacion Lopez and Simon Gonzalez respectively. Bands were also reported active in the vicinity of San Lucas, which is near Somoto, and along the border to the west and north. ¶ ATTITUDE OF CIVIL POPULATION TOWARD FORCES: ¶ No change noted in attitude previously reported. ¶ ECONOMIC CONDITIONS: ¶ No change in conditions reported on October 22, expect that continued dry weather has allowed traffic on the roads to move with greater ease and, consequently, produce is coming to town in steadily increasing amounts. ¶ ATTITUDE OF PRESS: ¶ No press in Division. ¶ The Revista Ariel continues to display a particularly hostile attitude to the intervention of the United States in the affairs of Nicaragua. This paper is published at Tegucigalpa, Honduras. A copy of that paper, dated October 15, 1927, and containing particularly subversive Sandino propaganda and other violent anti-American comments, is enclosed for your information. This paper apparently has absolutely no regard for the truth as is evidenced by its publication of the palpably false account of the action at Telpaneca, signed by the bandit Sandino. [...]" 

2.  October 29, 1927.  "Intelligence report for the week ending October 29,1927," Commanding Officer Glenn E. Hayes, Ocotal, to the Chief of the G.N.N., Managua, p. 2.  "[...] Subject: Intelligence report for the week ending October 29, 1927, (continued). ¶ FRICTION BETWEEN TROOPS AND CIVIL POPULATION: ¶ None. ¶ POLICE OPERATIONS: ¶ See police report of even date. ¶ MILITARY OPERATIONS: ¶ October 23, 1927 – Patrol of seven marines returned from escorting Lieutenants Trojakowski and Townsend to Lieutenant Chappell’s column enroute Jicaro. The four guardia who were with that patrol joined that column. Lieutenant Chappell and his augmented command arrived at Jicaro at 1755 on that date. ¶ October 24, 1927 – Captain Roger W. Peard, Guardia Nacional, and a patrol of seven (7) marines arrived at Ocotal at 1400. Captain Peard reported for duty at Division Headquarters. ¶ October 25, 1927 – Patrols of six (6) marines cleared Ocotal for Pueblo Nuevo and Somoto at 0800. Lieutenant Chapell [Chappell?] cleared Jicaro for scene of crashed plane in Quilali area with twenty five marines and fifteen guardia plus Cadet Neel and Lieutenant Townsend. ¶ October 27, 1927 – Planes were very active in vicinity of crashed plane in efforts to effect junction of the column under Lieutenant Gould proceeding from the east and that of Lieutenant Chappell proceeding from the west. An area to the north and south of Lieutenant Chappell was thoroughly bombed and straffed [strafed] with machine gun fire as Chappell reported to the planes that the situation was serious and that the enemy was located in those areas. The enemy was well hidden in the underbrush but the pilots believe that they inflicted heavy casualties. ¶ Anastacio Hernandez and his gang of bandits and criminals is reported to have been attacked by a group of about two hundred (200) Liberals in the vicinity of Dipilto on this date and to have been dispersed and his band either killed or captured. Jose Torrez, a sub jefe, is reported to have been killed, but it is stated that Hernandez escaped early in the fighting[.] ¶ October 28, 1927 – One plane, piloted by Marine Gunner Wodarczyk, reconnoitered the Dipilto area and reported several burned and burning houses. He bombed and straffed [strafed] areas that he suspected. [...]" 

3.  October 29, 1927.  "Intelligence report for the week ending October 29,1927," Commanding Officer Glenn E. Hayes, Ocotal, to the Chief of the G.N.N., Managua, p. 3.  "[...] Subject: Intelligence report for the week ending October 29, 1927. ¶ MILITARY OPERATIONS (continued): ¶ October 28, 1927 (continued): Two members of the gang inder [under?] Hernandez were captured by me this morning in this city. They confirmed reports that the gang, of which they admitted themselves to be members, was attacked on the preceding day. They did not know the number of the attacking force as they escaped early in the fighting but stated that the strength was “bastante”. It is, therefore, believed that the dispersion of this gang was complete and that its reorganization in any strength is improbable. The men captured, i.e., Augustin Flores and Francisco Martinez have both been identified as members of the gang of men who attacked El Rodeo on October 17, 1927, and who killed Expectacion Amaya and seriously wounded Jose Angel Amaya and Juan Amaya. The identification was complete as it was made by the women who were tied up by this gang. (See special confidential report dated October 19, 1927). ¶ October 29, 1927- A patrol under my command, consisting of Lieutenant David K. Claude, Marine Corps, fourteen marines, two Guardia, one interpreter, and two native guides, cleared Ocotal at 0030 for Coyolito and Sabana Grande. The mission of this patrol was to attack, capture and disperse a gang of bandits reported to be operating under the command of Encarnacion Lopez in that area. The patrol arrived at Totogalpa at 0230 and searched the house of one Electerio Lopez who was reported to be a member of that gang. He was not found in his house or in the adjoining fields which were searched. The patrol proceded [proceeded] eastward at 0300 toward Sabana Grande. The point of the patrol searched the house of Encarnacion Lopez enroute at 0400 capturing that person and one Trancito Lopez who was with him. The latter had a rifle and threatened to shoot members of the searching party but was forcibly disarmed. Teodoro Lopez, another reported bandit chief, was also captured but broke and ran while being transferred to the main road. Thompson sub-machine gun and rifle fire was directed upon him but he made good his escape due to the darkness. It is not known whether or not he was wounded, but it is believed probable. The patrol proceded [proceeded] toward Coyolito at 0430 arriving in the vicinity of that place at 0515. Upon approaching the main house of the group, the patrol was challenged and fired upon which fire was returned. Several men were seen to flee this house and fire was directed upon them, but they presented but dim and fleeting targets in the half-light of dawn. The house was then rushed and Miguel Perez was captured. The houses of the group were then searched but no […]" 

4.  October 29, 1927.  "Intelligence report for the week ending October 29,1927," Commanding Officer Glenn E. Hayes, Ocotal, to the Chief of the G.N.N., Managua, p. 4.  "[...] Subject: Intelligence report for the week ending October 29, 1927. ¶ MILITARY OPERATIONS: (continued) ¶ October 29, 1927, (continued): ¶ […] arms or incriminating papers were found. Hot tortillas, queso, and hot coffee in cups was found in the kitchens. It is apparent that the patrol surprised a group of men at their breakfast and had not exigencies prevented maintaining the schedule planned would have surprised them in their beds. The patrol cleared Coyolito for Ocotal at 0610. A plane was sighted at 0940 and panels KX and NZ were displayed and acknowledged. The patrol continued its march to Ocotal without further incident, arriving thereat at 1030. ¶ Papers were found upon the person of Encarnacion Lopez addressing him as “capitan” and clearly [unreadable handwritten word here] him to be the leader of a group under the general guidance of one Jose Julian Lopez, now residing in Somoto. Steps have been taken to secure the capture of the latter. ¶ Miguel Perez admitted to me to have provided food and shelter for this group of bandits over a considerable period of time but claimed that he had maintained them there as a protection against the bandit Hernandez. This I do not believe. On the contrary, I believe that he was cognizant of the program of rape, pillage, and murder engaged in by this gang and in other ways actively assisted them. Witnesses are available to testify against all of the men captured, when their cases are called. ¶ MISCELLANEOUS: ¶ Telegraph communication has been maintained with Jicaro throughout the week without interruption or difficulty. ¶ POLITICAL SITUATION: ¶ No changes. ¶ Glenn E. Hayes." 

1.  October 30, 1927.  "Weekly Memorandum No. 1," Capt. R. W. Peard, Commanding Officer, Ocotal, p. 1.   "OFFICE OF THE DIVISION COMMANDER ¶ DIVISION OF NUEVA SEGOVIA ¶ OCOTAL, NIC. ¶ 30 OCT 1927. ¶ WEEKLY MEMORANDUM NO. 1: ¶ 1. Weekly memorandums will be issued from this office in the future, which will embody instructions and information concerning occurrences of the past week, in order that all posts will have an idea of what is going on within the Division, for the intelligent co-operation of all posts, without, in many cases, specific orders being necessary for operations and matters of administration. ¶ 2. The undersigned is now commanding all Marine Corps forces from Jicaro to Esteli inclusive, and on 1 Nov. will relieve Major Hayes, G.N. as Division Commander of the Guardia Nacional. Major Hayes will return to Managua. This will result in a unified command of all marine and guardia troops in this area and should result in their maximum effectiveness. ¶ 3. On 1 Nov 1927, the undersigned will also assume the duties of Director of Police for Nueva Segovia. ¶ 4. During the past week Lieut. Gould’s patrol from Matagalpa, consisting of twenty five enlisted marines, three guardia officers and forty enlisted guardia, all mounted, effected a junction with Lieut. Chappell’s patrol from this area, near the scene of Lieut. Thomas’ crash, about six miles north of Quilali, and this combined patrol of two marine officers, fifty marines, four guardia officers, fifty six guardia, and Dr. Townsend, U.S. Navy, all mounted, will operate for a few days around the scene of the crash, with a mission of procuring definite information of Lieut. Thomas and Sgt. Dowdell, and defeating all bandit groups encountered; at the completion of this mission, this combined patrol will revert to the command of the undersigned. ¶ 5. During the past week, planes from Managua operated out of Ocotal on combat and observation missions, in conjunction with Gould’s and Chappell’s patrols; by bombing and ground strafing with machine guns it is believed that they inflicted serious losses on the bandits in and around Quilali, with corresponding loss of morale to the enemy. ¶ 6. On 27 Oct 1927, a bandit group of about two hundred under Jose Leon Diaz, with Simon Jiron, alias “Pichingo”, as second in command, met and defeated a bandit gang under Anastacio Hernandez, near Dipilto, Nueva Segovia. This battle resulted in the Hernandez group being practically wiped out, Hernandez himself escaping, but is [his] jefe Jose Torres [Torrez?] was killed. Two members of Hernandez gang were captured in Ocotal after the fight. ¶ 7. The next day, 28 Oct 1927, two planes from Ocotal, dropped seven bombs near Dipilto and ground strafed the victorious band of Diaz, with machine guns. [...]" 

2.  October 30, 1927.  "Weekly Memorandum No. 1," Capt. R. W. Peard, Commanding Officer, Ocotal, p. 2.   "[...] Page two. ¶ 8. The marines and guardia under Lt. Keimling at Pataste, (Mosher’s Ranch), last week captured twelve native rifles from along the Honduras border, but the bandit leader Jose Martinez escaped. ¶ 9. On the night of 28-29 Oct 1927, a combined marine and guardia mounted patrol, under Major Hayes, G.N. and Lt. Claude, USMC. from Ocotal, raided bandit camps near Sabana Grande, capturing three bandits, all of whom are believed to be sub-jefes of Sandino. One rifle and many machetes were also taken. [“Also one fat turkey!” is handwritten here] ¶ 10. There were NO casualties among the marine or guardia forces of this command during the past week. ¶ 11. Upon arrival at Jicaro, the enlisted marines of Gould’s original patrol from Matagalpa, will be available as replacements, for sick, injured or unsuitable marines now in this area, who will be returned to the rear with Lt. Gould’s patrol, as it circles back to Matagalpa via Esteli. Requests for such replacements will be made direct to this office by commanding officers of posts within this Division. ¶ 12. All commanding officers will make every effort to instil [instill] the spirit of the offensive in members of their commands, consistent with security, and no opportunity will be neglected for patroling [patrolling] when chances of contacts with bandit groups seems assured. The mission of all troops in this Division is to eliminate bandits and restore law and order. ¶ 13. Native information will be acted on only under the following conditions: (1) When the informant is known to be reliable and states positively that he or she has personal knowledge of facts reported; (2) When such informant or other reliable guide can be procured to accompany our troops, who knows the country and trails to be covered. Promiscuous patroling [patrolling] will be avoided, in order to conserve men and mounts. ¶ 14. The roads in this area should begin to dry up very soon, and a geat [great?] improvement in this matter has been noted during the past week, streams returning to normal size. This, and the expected arrival from the U.S. of a tri-motor cargo plane, capable of carrying a load of one and a half tons, should improve our rations situation in the near future. In the meantime, we must get along with the somewhat unbalanced rations available, augmented by maximum amount of local purchases, that can be made at reasonable prices. ¶ 15. All posts must overlook no opportunity to improve their landing fields, and keep them in first class condition. At posts where no landing field is in operation, every possible effort must be made to locate and clear a suitable field, even if it will only do for emergency use. [...]" 

3.  October 30, 1927.  "Weekly Memorandum No. 1," Capt. R. W. Peard, Commanding Officer, Ocotal, p. 3.   "[...] Page three. ¶ 16. All routine Marine Corps correspondence from this area may be forwarded direct to the Commanding Officer, Fifth Regiment, Managua, and in case the information contained therein is of importance, a copy will be furnished this office. All requests for supplies, rations, equipment, etc. except Post Exchange Supplies, will be forwarded via the undersigned, unless urgent military necessity makes such delay inadvisable, in which case a copy will be furnished the undersigned at the first opportunity. ¶ R. W. PEARD, CAPTAIN, ¶ U. S. M. C. and G.N. ¶ COMMANDING. ¶ Copy to: Brigade Cmdr. ¶ Jefe Director, G.N. ¶ Lieut. Gould. ¶ C.O. Jicaro. ¶ C.O. Ocotal. ¶ C.O. Somoto. ¶ C.O. Pueblo Nuevo. ¶ C.O. Telpaneca. ¶ C.O. Pataste ¶ C.O. Esteli ¶ C.O. Matagalpa ¶ File." 

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