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DECEMBER 1927

December 1, 1927 (no date, no author).  List of "bandits" with descriptions.   "1.- Carlos Salgado- tall-light-long twisted mustache. ¶ 2.- José León Díaz. ¶ 3.- Simón Jirón.- Nickname “Pachingo” tall, black, young, brutal faced, ugly disposition, rather a dumb animal, not brave, reported to now be married near Somoto; born in Murra. ¶ 4.- Toribio Solórzano. ¶ 5.- Porfirio Sánchez.- Heavy, dark, 28 years, brave, Hondurian [Honduran], small mustache and beard, deep voiced, very heavy shoulders, had a troop in the revolution, strict discipline in his troop, reported to be dead. Credited with all murders and outrages in country south of Jícaro. Easily Sandino’s right bower; well mounted and well armed troop. ¶ 6.- Anastacio Hernández.- Conservative, heavy, indian, brutal face, pleasant to talk too [to], leader of Paguagua family “killers”, likes to fight with machete, brave. ¶ 7.- Pedro A. Irías.- Murra- short stout, wanted for murder in Honduras, was with Sandino in the revolution. ¶ 8.- Manuel Echeverría, in González troops, Black, Mexican, old, pockmarked, stout-grey, was in charge of “Garcia’s Store” at San Albino, under Sandino, issues out some of “Butter’s Valles” as currency at S. A. Ran off to Chipote with a mujer of Mr. Butters named “Raquel” formlery [formerly?] wife of an American now dead named Detrich, and mother of “Santiago” who was captured at Ocotal and later took part in killing at Arenal on October 1st. Also very sweet on William’s oldest daughter, a widow. ¶ 9.- Carlos Quesada.- Sargento Mayor for Arria, A Hondurian [Honduran], medium size, well built, medium light, young mustache, small beard, a real bad hombre, machine gunner, has been in nearly every fight up here. Did a piece of rape-ing near Santa Rosa at El Cariso Sept. 24th. on 12 year old daughter of Pedro and Sardina Cornejo. Was at Arenal Oct. 1st. Cut telegraph line at Sabana Grande, Oct. 1st. ¶ 10.- Pedro Navarro.- Famous as a “cut throat” hangs out at La Puerta and goes with Carmen Torrez or Quesada, Not a very good friend of Sandino, is a Hondurian [Honduran]. Has a bad local reputation as a thief. ¶ 11.- Sebastián Barahona, a Hondurian [Honduran], dark, short, middle aged, pleasant smile, 29 years. ¶ 12.- Simón González.- At presente [present?] a very active “Jefe”, formerly Agente Policía at San Juan, short, fat, brown, brave, smooth faced. ¶ 13.- Francisco Estrada.- Sandino’s representative at Jícaro during early part of fighting. Tall, full faced, light, handsome, young heavy eyebrows, well dressed, a machine gunner, was considered for Echeverrías [Echeverría’s] job at San Albino, from Managua.- ¶ 14.- Juan Gregorio Colindres.- Chief of Murra bandits under ciudad “Juan”.- light mustache and beard, thin, brave, 35 years, thief, appears intelligent, active and industrious, reads and write. ¶ J. Arria.- Quesada’s chief, negro, thin, 30 years, Mexican."

December 4, 1927.  "Intelligence report for week ending 4 Dec 1927," Division Commander Major R. W. Peard, Ocotal, to Jefe Director GN, Managua.   "OFFICE OF THE DIVISION COMMANDER ¶ DIVISION OF NUEVA SEGOVIA ¶ OCOTAL, NICARAGUA. ¶ 4 December 1927. ¶ From: The Division Commander. ¶ To: The Jefe Director, G.N., Managua. ¶ Subject: Intelligence report for week ending 4 Dec 1927. ¶ 1. GENERAL STATE OF TERRITORY OCCUPIED: No Change. ¶ ATTITUDE CIVIL POPULATION TOWARD FORCES: No Change. ¶ ECONOMIC CONDITIONS: ¶ The coffee crop is being harvested in this Division and large quantities are on hand ready for shipment to the railroad, but bandit groups have greatly interfered with harvest and hauling. Protection is being furnished wherever possible by marines and guardia troops. ¶ ATTITUDE OF PRESS: No publications printed in this Division. ¶ POLICE OPERATIONS: See police report of even date. It is believed that the Guardia Nacional is giving complete satisfaction to the civil population in this area as to police duties performed, and every effort is being made to show our impartiality in enforcement of law and order. ¶ MILITARY OPERATIONS: None this week. ¶ MISCELLANEOUS: ¶ On Dec 3, the marine and guardia garrison was moved from Orosi Ranch to San Fernando. ¶ Telegraph line to Jicaro is still out of order, but the line to Honduras has been repaired. The lineman from Ocotal did not repair this line, but received word that the bandit leader Anastacio Hernandez had caused it to be repaired by a lineman from near the Honduras border. Hernandez apparently wanted communication with friends in this locality, and every effort is being made to ascertain to whom his messages go in Ocotal. The use of false names and apparently innocent code messages makes this difficult to trace. ¶ Miguel Lopez, Inez Marin, were killed and a twelve year old boy named Miguel Lopez, hijo, early this morning was seriously wounded, by a group of about thirty bandits at El Potrero, about three miles north of Ocotal. A patrol from Ocotal, accompanied by the Civil Criminal Judge, went at once to the scene of the crime, but the murderers had departed. The wounded boy was brought in to Ocotal for treatment. All three men attacked by these bandits were Conservatives. ¶ R. W. PEARD."

December 4, 1927.  "Police report for week ending 4 Dec 1927," Division Commander Major R. W. Peard, Ocotal, to Jefe Director GN, Managua.   "OFFICE OF THE DIRECTOR OF POLICE ¶ OCOTAL, NUEVA SEGOVIA, NICARAGUA. ¶ 4 December 1927. ¶ From: The Director of Police. ¶ To: The Jefe Director, G. N., Managua. ¶ Subject: Police report for week ending 4 December 1927. ¶ 1. OPERATIONS: See weekly intelligence report of even date and weekly memo. #6 from Division Commander. ¶ 2. NEW CONFINEMENTS DURING PAST WEEK: ¶ Sebastian Osorio Umansor- 2 Dec 27: Bandit suspect. (AT Div Cmdr). ¶ Sebastian Osorio- 2 Dec 27: Bandit suspect. “ “ “ ¶ Sabran Osorio- 2 Dec 27: Bandit suspect. “ “ “ ¶ Andres Osorio- 2 Dec 27: Bandit suspect. “ “ “ ¶ Adan Osorio- 2 Dec 27: Bandit suspect. “ “ “ ¶ Pineda Centeno- 2 Dec 27: Bandit suspect. “ “ “ ¶ Perro Morlenes Obondo- 2 Dec 27: Bandit suspect. “ “ “ ¶ Alfonso Reyes- 3 Dec 27: Creating disturbance. (AT Civil Crim Judge). ¶ Francisco Lopez- 3 Dec 27: Creating Disturbance. “ “ “ “ ¶ 3. RELEASED DURING THE PAST WEEK: ¶ None. ¶ 4. CONTINUED IN CONFINEMENT: ¶ Alberto Rugama- Bandit suspect- (AT Div Cmdr) ¶ Tiburcio Landero- “ “ “ “ “ ¶ Miguel J. Escobar- murder suspect- (AT Civil Crim Judge). ¶ Ontero Zebelo- bandit (AT Div Cmdr). ¶ Jasora Ruiz- “ “ “ “ ¶ Deonisia Pastoran “ “ “ “ ¶ Victor Lopez- “ “ “ “ ¶ Jose Angel Amaya “ one murder suspect. (AA Crim Judge). and (AT Div Cmdr). ¶ Augustin Flores- bandit suspect, Hernandez gang. (AA Div Cmdr). ¶ Francisco Martinez- bandit. (AT Div Cmdr). ¶ Miguel Perez- “ “ “ “ ¶ Transcito Lopez- “ “ “ “ ¶ Encarnacion Lopez- “ “ “ “ ¶ Martinez Colindres- bandit and murder suspect. (AA Crim Judge). and (AT Div Cmdr). ¶ Salvano Mejia- bandit suspect. “ “ “ ¶ Manuel Biguez- bandit “ “ “ ¶ R. W. PEARD ¶ Copy to: Brig. Intelligence Officer. ¶ File. ¶ Captain, G.N. ¶ Director of Police."

December 6, 1927.  "Mr. L. J. Matteson, interview with." Commanding Officer E.S. Tuttle, 66th Co., 5th Regt., Second Brigade, Leon, to Brigade Commander, Managua.  "Sixty Sixth Company, Fifth Regiment, ¶ Second Brigade, Marine Corps, Leon, ¶ Nicaragua. 6 December 1927. ¶ From: The Commanding Officer. ¶ To: The Brigade Commander, Second Brigade, U.S. Marine Corps, Managua, Nicaragua. ¶ Subject: Mr. L. J. Matteson, interview with. ¶ Reference: Your, 8625- 1700. ¶ 1. In accordance with instructions Mr. L. J. Matteson was interviewed on December 3, 1927, in regards to the activities of Bandits in Nuevo Segovia [Nueva Segovia], and states as follows. ¶ That he was at the San Albino Mine until the latter part of August, when he was told by Sandino that in view of the fact that the Marine Patrols were shooting up his (Sandino’s) men, and that the rebels might and probally [probably] would return to El Chipote by the way of the Mine, he (Sandino) could no longer guarantee his safety. Mr. Matteson is of the opinion that Sandino [has] between eight and nine hundred followers at this time. On August 13, 1927, he saw 200 unarmed men coming from Honduras, and on August 21, 1927, fifty more, and says these men expected to be armed and mounted at El Chipote. ¶ In June, Sandino had his men planting beans and corn or working in fields already planted, this to insure a food supply for the dry season. The water supply of El Chipote is reported to be ample and good. ¶ Included in $39,000 worth of supplies taken from a store, at San Albino, belonging to a Mr. Garcia, were 1500 bags of Coffee, which were sold by Sandino in Honduras for $10.00 per sack. Sandino now has his men picking Coffee from the plantations and is sending the Coffee to Honduras for sale. ¶ That he has saw in the possession of Sandino’s men, two Vickers Machine Guns, five (5) Lewis and eight (8) Thompson Sub. Machine Guns. ¶ Sandino is building boats in the vicinity of a place called Mauchones [Manchones?], for a possible get away down the Coco River. Manchones is south and east of San Albino. ¶ There are three avenues of escape from El Chipote, one via Las Cenas, one via La Puerta and another back of Manchones. ¶ Horses and mules are kept in pastures around Murra. ¶ Reported that a few men from the South join Sandino, but never any large numbers, and that none of them are armed. ¶ Has been told by Sandino that he, Sandino, has sufficient supplies for two years even if cut off from all communication with Honduras or the rest of Nicaragua. Also that after the first of December he would have no trouble getting all the men he needed but did not say where. ¶ E. S. Tuttle"

December 7, 1927.  Letter from [D. W. Donovel?], Orosi San Fernando, to "My dear Captain Peard," p. 1.   "..."

December 7, 1927.  Letter from [D. W. Donovel?], Orosi San Fernando, to "My dear Captain Peard," p. 2.   "..."

December 7, 1927.  Letter from US Consul A. J. McConnico, Bluefields, to US Charge D'Affaires Lawrence Dennis, American Legation, Managua, p. 1.  "Bluefields, Nicaragua, December 7, 1927. ¶ THE HONORABLE ¶ THE CHARGE D’AFFIARES [D’AFFAIRES], ¶ AMERICAN LEGATION, ¶ MANAGUA, NICARAGUA. ¶ SIR: ¶ I have the honor to transmit herewith the copy of a protest filed at this Consulate by Mr. Samuel Weil, an American merchant of Bluefields, in behalf of Mr. Paul Kling, a citizen of the United States residing in New Orleans, La. ¶ You will note from the protest that the Court in exacting the payment failed to comply with the law in notifying Mr. Kling; and Mr. Weil as a friend of Mr. Kling, intervened and paid what was exacted in order to prevent the cost from increasing to a greater extent. ¶ Mr. Weil contends in his protest that the suit was instituted by Dr. Telemaco Lopez, a native Nicaraguan naturalized as an American, practicing law in Bluefields, in whose hands the Nicaraguan Government has placed tax suits. ¶ Will you please inform me whether Dr. Lopez has been nominated by the Nicaraguan Government to prosecute tax suits in the Bluefields district; and whether, in your ¶ opinion […]"

December 7, 1927.  Letter from US Consul A. J. McConnico, Bluefields, to US Charge D'Affaires Lawrence Dennis, American Legation, Managua, p. 2.  "[…] opinion, a naturalized American citizen can undertake such work for a foreign government without derogating from his rights as an American? ¶ It is my understanding that the action of the Court in this suit is final and that a remedy cannot be sought in a higher court. If I am incorrect, however, I will direct Mr. Weil, as you may suggest, to notify Mr. Kling that the Legation cannot intercede until all legal resources have been exhausted. ¶ I have the honor to be, Sir, ¶ Your obedient servant, ¶ A. J. McConnico, ¶ American Consul. ¶ Enclosure: ¶ Copy of protest (as stated). ¶ McC/S. ¶ 350."

1.  December 7, 1927.  Letter from Samuel Weil, in the name of Paul Kling of New Orleans, owner of Topaz Mines in Rama District, to US Consul A. J. McConnico, Bluefields, p. 1.   "..."

2.  December 7, 1927.  Letter from Samuel Weil, in the name of Paul Kling of New Orleans, owner of Topaz Mines in Rama District, to US Consul A. J. McConnico, Bluefields, p. 2.   "..."

3.  December 7, 1927.  Letter from Samuel Weil, in the name of Paul Kling of New Orleans, owner of Topaz Mines in Rama District, to US Consul A. J. McConnico, Bluefields, p. 3.   "..."

4.  December 7, 1927.  Transcript of letter from Samuel Weil, in the name of Paul Kling of New Orleans, owner of Topaz Mines in Rama District, to US Consul A. J. McConnico, Bluefields, p. 4.   "Copy. ¶ Bluefields, December 7, 1927. ¶ Hon. A. J. McConnico, ¶ American Consul, ¶ Bluefields, Nic. ¶ Dear Sir: ¶ In the name of PAUL KLING, a native citizen of the United States, residing in New Orleans, State of Louisiana, I protest against the illegal action committed by the Judge of the District Court, Francisco Romero, which is as follows: ¶ Kling is the owner of the Topaz Mines, situated in the district of Rama, about ninety miles from here. ¶ These mines have been abandoned about thirteen years, all its tunnels are caved in, and the machinery ruined. ¶ In its present state it has very little value, and will require an outlay of probably $50,000.00 for new machinery and labor to restore it in a working condition. ¶ Kling during these thirteen years has paid annually $562.00 mining tax, making a total of $7306.00 U. S. Currency. ¶ Some years ago the Bankers devised a direct tax against property in this country, and although there is a heavy mining tax, mines are assessed at a guess, and capricious valuation. The Topaz Mines are assessed at $29,800.00, although they have been abandoned and unworked for thirteen years. The direct tax against Kling is $180.60 annually. In 1926, through an oversight it was not paid, and a petition was made to the Government Assessor, in Managua, (the Negociado) and his decision was awaited as to reduction of the assessed value of the mines to $10,000.00, on which amount Kling was forcibly willing to pay tax, so as to have no further trouble. ¶ Latter part of September, the District Judge came to notify me of suit instituted against Kling for his direct tax. [...]"

5.  December 7, 1927.  Transcript of letter from Samuel Weil, in the name of Paul Kling of New Orleans, owner of Topaz Mines in Rama District, to US Consul A. J. McConnico, Bluefields, p. 5.   "[...] I informed him I held no power of attorney from Kling, was a friend, and that Kling’s residence was in New Orleans, Louisiana. I consulted an attorney who informed me of the law prescribed, that Kling must be notified personally. Learning this I continue endeavoring to have assessment reduced. ¶ Much to my surprise Lawyer Octavio Salinas informed me on December 3rd, that he was the Court’s appointee to represent Kling, and he was to appoint or name an appraiser to value the mine which had been executed against by the Court. That the suit was instituted by direction of Lawyer Telemaco Lopez, a native Nicaraguan, naturalized citizen of the United States, residing and practicing his profession here, in whose hands the Government placed the tax suits, but so as not to appear, directs them through Lawyer Torres Baez. ¶ I called at the District Court 5th inst., told Judge Romero that the suit was illegal, but to put a stop to heavy expense of valuing the abandoned mine, I would take the responsibility and pay the tax and costs, under protest, for account of Kling. ¶ The tax, fines, and costs sum up $508.68, of this $110.88 is illegal, because Kling was not notified as the law prescribes, when his residence was known. ¶ The Judge knew where he resides as did also Lawyer Telemaco Lopez know for years that Kling resides in New Orleans, Louisiana, and both know that he must be notified personally. The suit was instituted to obtain costs illegally out of Kling. ¶ I therefore in the name of Paul Kling protest against this unjust and illegal action of the District Court of Bluefields in forcing payment of illegal and unjust costs, which were paid under protest, with request to be furnished with a copy of said ¶ protest. [...]"

6.  December 7, 1927.  Transcript of letter from Samuel Weil, in the name of Paul Kling of New Orleans, owner of Topaz Mines in Rama District, to US Consul A. J. McConnico, Bluefields, p. 6.   "[…] protest. ¶ (Signed) SAM’L WEIL ¶ For Paul Kling of New Orleans, ¶ Louisiana."

December 9, 1927.  "Criminal Judge B. Gomez Herrero, Ocotal, removal of, request for," Division Commander R. W. Peard, Ocotal, to Brigade Commander, Managua.   "OFFICE OF THE DIVISION COMMANDER ¶ DIVISION OF NUEVA SEGOVIA ¶ OCOTAL, NICARAGUA. ¶ 9 December 1927. ¶ From: The Division Commander. ¶ To: The Brigade Commander, Managua. ¶ Subject: Criminal Judge B. Gomez Herrero, Ocotal, removal of, request for. ¶ 1. The above named judge in this jurisdiction is not on the job, is not respected nor considered to be a good man for his position by the better element here, and it is quite impossible to get anyone convicted before his court who is of his political party. He is utterly useless; is large, fat, and so lazy that he never accomplishes anything, and is so utterly useless that he constitutes a menace rather than a help in the enforcement of the law. ¶ 2. Any of the following named men are qualified for the position of Criminal Judge and it is believed would accept the position if offered them; ¶ Doctor Manuel Mantilla, (Lawyer) ¶ Doctor J. Treneo Rivera, “ ¶ Don Pablo Francisco Albir, (Prosurador Judicial) ¶ 3. Mantilla belongs to the Progressive Party, the other two are liberals, but all are excellent and reliable citizens, any one of whom would be a vast improvement over the present encumbrant. ¶ R. W. PEARD ¶ Copy to: ¶ Jefe Director, G.N. ¶ File."

December 11, 1927.  "Intelligence report for week ending 11 Dec 1927," Division Commander Major R. W. Peard, Ocotal, to Jefe Director GN, Managua, p. 1.  "OFFICE OF THE DIVISION COMMANDER ¶ DIVISION OF NUEVA SEGOVIA ¶ OCOTAL[,] NICARAGUA ¶ 11 December 1927. ¶ From: The Division Commander. ¶ To: The Jefe Director, G.N., Managua. ¶ Subject: Intelligence report for week ending 11 Dec 1927. ¶ 1. GENERAL STATE OF TERRITORY OCCUPIED: ¶ Continual improvement in towns actually garrisoned, but rural districts still infested by roving bands of bandits, especially to the east and south of Jicaro, and along the Honduranian [Honduran] Border, west of the line Ocotal-Somoto-Pataste. These bands along the border have an apparently safe refuge on the Honduranian [Honduran] side from which they sally forth, commit their depredations, and return to Honduras. San Marcos and Las Manos, both in Honduras, are hang-outs for bandits operating in Nicaragua, and we have continuous reports that these bandits are protected and actually assisted by Honduranian [Honduran] officials. ¶ ATTITUDE [OF] CIVIL POPULATION TOWARD FORCES: ¶ Friednly [Friendly] in towns garrisoned by us, and by better element generally, but in many areas the bandits have numerous sympathizers outside their own forces. ¶ ECONOMIC CONDITIONS: During the past week considerable activity has been noted in preparations for the coffee crop. Unfortunately we have had numerous requests for protection of laborers within the bandit areas which requests could not be complied with at present. ¶ ATTITUDE OF PRESS: There are no publications in this area. The Revista Ariel, published in Tegucigalpa, Honduras, continues its distorted articles of Sandino’s successes, which are ludicrous to those who know the facts, but doubtless gain credence in many quarters. It was noted that during the past week one Managua paper gave a fairly accurate account of our concentration of two hundred marines in Matagalpa to fight Sandino. This was quite a surprise out this way in view of the confidential nature of all instructions received here concerning this troop movement and purpose of same. ¶ POLICE OPERATIONS: See police report of even date. The gambling publicly in the streets of Ocotal by crowds of men and boys came to the attention of the undersigned recently; seventeen men and boys were arrested at one game, confined and fined; this stopped the gambling. ¶ MILITARY OPERATIONS: There were two successful contacts with bandits this week, one in which the bandits were on the aggressive; for full details see Weekly Memo. No. 7, from this office, of even date. [...]"

December 11, 1927.  "Intelligence report for week ending 11 Dec 1927," Division Commander Major R. W. Peard, Ocotal, to Jefe Director GN, Managua, p. 2.  "[...] Page Two: Intelligence Report: 11 Dec 1927: ¶ MISCELLANEOUS: Telegraph line from Ocotal to Jicaro is still out of order. Considerable trouble has been encountered with telegraph communications between Ocotal and Pueblo Nuevo due to drunkenness of telegraph operator at Pueblo Nuevo. The telegraph office in Ocotal is about ready to cease operating until fresh 45 volt B batteries are received. Numerous requests for these batteries covering a period of ten days have as yet been unproductive of results. ¶ ADDENDA TO MILITARY OPERATIONS: Just received by wire from Somoto: A patrol of nine marines in charge of Corporal Frederick F. Martin, 49th. Company, just returned to Somoto after having been in the field three days. They report two contacts with small bandit groups, one on 10 December near Macuelizo, where eight bandits were encountered; three bandits were killed, two pistols captured and four war machetes. At Paraisito on same day another small group of bandits were encountered, near Santa Rosa, two bandits wounded, others escaped into woods. No marine casualties. ¶ R. W. PEARD"

December 11, 1927.  "Police report for week ending 11 Dec 1927," Division Commander Major R. W. Peard, Ocotal, to Jefe Director GN, Managua, p. 1.  "OFFICE OF THE DIRECTOR OF POLICE ¶ OCOTAL, NUEVA SEGOVIA, NICARAGUA. ¶ 11 December 1927. ¶ From: The Director of Police. ¶ To: The Jefe Director, G. N., Managua. ¶ Subject: Police report for week ending 11 December 1927. ¶ 1. OPERATIONS: See weekly intelligence report of even date and weekly memo. #7 from Division Commander. ¶ 2. NEW CONFINEMENTS DURING PAST WEEK: ¶ Modesto Torres- 9 Dec 27: Bandit (AT Div Cmdr). ¶ Belisario Mendozol- 9 Dec 27 “ “ “ “ ¶ Leonardo Rodriquez- 9 Dec 27: Held as a witness. ¶ Maria Mejia- 5 Dec 27: Illegal peddling. (AT Div Cmdr). ¶ Nicolas Ponce- 8 Dec 27: Gambling. “ “ “ ¶ Gregoria Garcia- 8 Dec 27: “ “ “ “ ¶ Marcus Gomez- 8 Dec 27: “ “ “ “ ¶ Bartolo Mynoz- 8 Dec 27: “ “ “ “ ¶ Manuel Santelis- 8 Dec 27: “ “ “ “ ¶ Tito Rubio- 8 Dec 27: “ “ “ “ ¶ Christobal Herrera- 8 Dec 27: “ “ “ “ ¶ Julian Herrera- 8 Dec 27: “ “ “ “ ¶ Miguel Munos- 8 Dec 27: “ “ “ “ ¶ Tranquilio Mejia- 8 Dec 27: “ “ “ “ ¶ Solomon Pavon- 8 Dec 27: “ “ “ “ ¶ Felipe Rubio- 8 Dec 27: “ “ “ “ ¶ Ruben Lopez- 8 Dec 27: “ “ “ “ ¶ Modesto Palmo- 8 Dec 27: “ “ “ “ ¶ Rafael Mejia- 8 Dec 27: “ “ “ “ ¶ Luis D. Ruiz- 8 Dec 27: “ “ “ “ ¶ 3. RELEASED DURING PAST WEEK: ¶ Alfonso Reyes- Fined $5.00 and costs on 7 December 1927 by Director of Police for drunkenness and creating disturbance in the city of Ocotal. Released same date. ¶ Maria Mejia- Fined $1.00 and costs on 5 December 1927 by Director of Police for the illegal peddling of food stuffs in the city of Ocotal. Released same date. ¶ The following were each fined $1.00 and costs by the Director of Police on 9 December for gambling in the streets of Ocotal: ¶ Nicolas Ponce ¶ Gregoria Garcia ¶ Marcus Gomez ¶ Bartolo Mynoz ¶ Manuel Santelis ¶ Tito Rubio ¶ Christobal Herrera ¶ Miguel Munos ¶ Tranquilio Mejia ¶ Solomon Pavon ¶ Felipe Rubio ¶ Ruben Lopez ¶ Julian Herrera ¶ Modesto Palmo ¶ Rafael Mejia ¶ Luis D. Ruiz [...]"

December 11, 1927.  "Police report for week ending 11 Dec 1927," Division Commander Major R. W. Peard, Ocotal, to Jefe Director GN, Managua, p. 2.  "[...] RELEASED FROM CONFINEMENT CONTINUED: ¶ Manuel Biguez- Sent to Pueblo Nuevo to be used as a guide. ¶ 4. CONTINUED IN CONFINEMENT: ¶ Alberto Rugama- Bandit (AT Div Cmdr). ¶ Tiburcio Landero- “ “ “ “ ¶ Miguel J. Escobar- Murder suspect- (AT Crim Judge). ¶ Ontero Zobolo- Bandit (AT Div Cmdr). ¶ Jasora Ruiz- “ “ “ “ ¶ Deonisia Pastoran- “ “ “ “ ¶ Victor Lopez- “ “ “ “ ¶ Jose Angel Amaya “ and murder suspect “ “ “ and (AA Crim Judge). ¶ Augustin Flores- Bandit- Hernandez gang. (AA Div Cmdr). ¶ Francisco Martinez- Bandit (AT Div Cmdr). ¶ Miguel Perez- “ “ “ “ ¶ Transcito Lopez- “ “ “ “ ¶ Encarnacion Lopez- “ “ “ “ ¶ Martinez Colindres- “ and murder suspect. “ “ “ and (AA Crim Judge). ¶ Salvano Mejia- Bandit (AT Div Cmdr). ¶ Sebastian Osorio U.[-] “ “ “ “ ¶ Sebastian Osorio[-] “ “ “ “ ¶ Sabran Osorio- “ “ “ “ ¶ Andres Osorio- “ “ “ “ ¶ Adan Osorio- “ “ “ “ ¶ Sabino P. Centeno- “ “ “ “ ¶ Perro M. Obondo- “ “ “ “ ¶ R. W. PEARD ¶ Copies to: ¶ Brigade Intelligence Officer. ¶ File."

December 15, 1927.  Letter from E. A. Salzman, San Fernando, to Captain R. W. Peard, Ocotal, p. 1.  "San Fernando, ¶ 15 December, 1927. ¶ My dear Captain: ¶ In regard to Operation Orders #41 & 42 and the orders for this district, I am submitting the following plan for your approval: Lieut. McDonald is to take a patrol of twenty marines and ten Guardia and establish a temporary base at San Pedro, leaving five men there, well entrenched at the lone house, there which, is situated on a hill. These men can then guard such few provisions as it is necessary to take, and they will facilitate communications with the planes. From this point, he will be situated as follows in regards to the area we are ordered to patrol: ¶ In this manner he will be within striking distance of all towns and thus be able to take the best advantage of any information given by planes in regards to bandit activities, besides being able to cooperate with the Jicaro patrol in a concentrated operation against San Albino should such an operation be deemed advisable. Mr. Ortez’s son will act as guide for the patrol and Mr. Ortez has also agreed to lend us two of his most trusted mozos to get all the information they can and operate with the patrol. The road from San Pedro to Ciudad Antigua is not shown on the map but there is a good trail between these two towns. Lieut. McDonald will take the following weapons: One Sub Thompson, one Browning Automatic, one Lewis and one rifle grenadier. We have only two hand grenades here, the remainder (14) being out at Oroxi [Orosi?]. ¶ For the defense of Orosi I will have one Sergeant and seven men; for this town, nine marines and seven guardia, this number being sufficient in my estimation. We are entrenched on top of the hill overlooking the town and sixteen riflemen are sufficient to hold it against any possible attack. ¶ We made a patrol to Ciudad this morning in the hopes of catching some Sandinistos [Sandinistas] in their old hang out, but no luck. Mr. Ortez has three mozos working for us in this area and their reports seem to jibe with all other information, that at present there are no operations in this area by bandit forces. Ignacio Hernandez, (brother of Anastacio Hernandez) the Conservative bandit, has withdrawn across the Honduranian [Honduran] border according to information gathered by Mr. Ortez himself from pretty re- […]"

December 15, 1927.  Letter from E. A. Salzman, San Fernando, to Captain R. W. Peard, Ocotal, p. 2.  "[…] liable sources. Colonel Torres, who was operating in this area and was bombed by the aviators near Ciudad Antiqua, has withdrawn to Chipote. General Montaya, another Sandinisto [Sandinista], returned to Chipote and left with a strong column about five days ago for San Rafael, near Jinotega. It seems that Sandino is drawing most of his patrols in to Chipote, the nearest outpost to here being San Albino. We are also receiving information from Santa Rosa, from the man who saw you in regards to an escort out to his finca. ¶ One other thing Captain. Would it be permissable [permissible] for me to accompany the patrol on this mission, and leave Gunnery Sergeant Gordon in command here? With kindest regards, ¶ Very sincerely, ¶ E.A. Salzman."

1.  December 18, 1927.  "Brillante Homenaje a Lindbergh en el Estadio Nacional," El Universal, Mexico D.F., p. 1.  "..."

2.  December 18, 1927.  "Brillante Homenaje a Lindbergh en el Estadio Nacional," El Universal, Mexico D.F., p. 2.  "..."

3.  December 18, 1927.  "Brillante Homenaje a Lindbergh en el Estadio Nacional," El Universal, Mexico D.F., p. 3.  "..."

December 18, 1927.  "Police report for week ending 18 Dec 1927," Division Commander Major R. W. Peard, Ocotal, to Jefe Director GN, Managua.  "OFFICE OF THE DIRECTOR OF POLICE ¶ OCOTAL, NUEVA SEGOVIA, NICARAGUA. ¶ 18 December 1927. ¶ From: The Director of Police. ¶ To: The Jefe Director, G.N., Managua. ¶ Subject: Police report for week ending 18 December 1927. ¶ 1. OPERATIONS: See weekly intelligence report of even date and weekly memo. #8 from Division Commander. ¶ 2. NEW CONFINEMENTS DURING PAST WEEK: ¶ None. ¶ 3. RELEASED DURING PAST WEEK: ¶ None. ¶ 4. CONTINUED IN CONFINEMENT: ¶ Alberto Rugama- Bandit (AT Div Cmdr). ¶ Tiburcio Landero- “ “ “ “ ¶ Miguel J. Escobar- Murder Suspect (AT Crim Judge). ¶ Ontero Zobolo- Bandit (AT Div Cmdr). ¶ Jasora Ruiz- “ “ “ “ ¶ Deonista Pastoran- “ “ “ “ ¶ Victor Lopez- “ “ “ “ ¶ Jose Angel Amaya- “ and Murder Suspect “ “ “ and (AA Crim Judge). ¶ Augustin Flores- Bandit- Hernandez gang. (AA Div Cmdr). ¶ Francisco Martinez- Bandit (AT Div Cmdr). ¶ Miguel Perez- “ “ “ “ ¶ Transcito Lopez- “ “ “ “ ¶ Encarnacion Lopez- “ “ “ “ ¶ Martinez Colindres- “ and murder suspect. “ “ “ and (AA Crim Judge). ¶ Salvano Mejia- Bandit (AT Div Cmdr). ¶ Sebastian Osorio U.- “ “ “ “ ¶ Sebastian Osorio- “ “ “ “ ¶ Sabran Osorio- “ “ “ “ ¶ Andres Osorio- “ “ “ “ ¶ Adan Osorio- “ “ “ “ ¶ Sabino P. Centeno- “ “ “ “ ¶ Perro M. Obondo- “ “ “ “ ¶ Modesto Torres- “ “ “ “ ¶ Belisario Mendozol- “ “ “ “ ¶ Leonardo Rodriquez- Held as a witness. ¶ R. W. PEARD"

December 19, 1927.  Letter from Sam'l Weil, for Paul Kling of New Orleans, to US Consul A. J. McConnico.  "SAM’L WEIL & CO. ¶ IMPORTERS, EXPORTERS ¶ AND ¶ COMMISSION MERCHANTS. ¶ Bluefields, Nic. December 19th 1927 ¶ Honorable A.J. McConnico, ¶ American Consul, ¶ Bluefields, Nic. ¶ Dear Sir: ¶ Referring to my protest lodged with you in the name of Paul Kling for illegal suit and costs assessed by the Judge of the District Court, and paid into the Court, I am now compelled to complain that Judge Romero of said Court has refused to furnish me with a copy of said protest as stated on the records of the suit made at the time of the payment, wherein I requested he furnish me with a certified copy of the protest and details of the costs. I have requested this three times within past ten days without result. I did secure a receipt in bulk for the money paid, which is insufficient, and of no value if the record of the suit is mislaid or lost. ¶ I would respectfully request that the Minister at Managua place the matter before the Supreme Court, and have them instruct by Radio that Judge Romero furnish the certified copy of the protest. ¶ I have learned I could complain through the expense of a lawyer to the Court of Appeals, but as the Court of Appeals here refused to obey orders of the Supreme Court, they would delay my request and probably shelve it, giving ample time for the records to be misplaced. If the Appeal Court decided against the Judge, he may appeal to the Supreme Court, which would not only cause more expense than the costs paid, and be delayed indefinitely. ¶ I appeal to the Minister through you, to see than an American citizen is justly treated, and obtains that which he is entitled to. ¶ Respectfully, ¶ Samuel Weil for Paul Kling of New Orleans, La"

December 20, 1927.  Letter from Sam'l Weil, for Paul Kling of New Orleans, to US Consul A. J. McConnico.   "SAM’L WEIL & CO. ¶ IMPORTERS, EXPORTERS ¶ AND ¶ COMMISSION MERCHANTS. ¶ Bluefields, Nic. December 20th 1927 ¶ Honorable A.J. McConnico, ¶ American Consul, ¶ Bluefields, Nic. ¶ Dear Sir: ¶ Since handing you my protest yesterday, I have received letters from Mr[.] Felipe Le Franc of Managua, who has been attending to Mr[.] Paul Kling’s tax matters, in which he writes under date of 5th., inst., “the best thing to do is to await decision of Congress, as it is expected the Executive will introduce a project for abolition of fines on overdue payments. This is what Don Vicente Cuadra advises. There will be no demand made by Court he says”. Under date 12th., inst “I received your Radiogram of the 9th. and it really upset me, because it was completely understood with Don Vicente Cuadra of Negociado, that the matter of fines would be left over until Congress made a ruling in the matter; and it was considered a certainty that a law would be established allowing back payments of taxes without the multas to be paid. However Don Vicente was at Granada when your message came, so I had Don Luis Medal have the District Judge suspend all demands until matters were arranged here; the order was sent by Radio”. ¶ From above you will see more clearly the animus in forcing Mr[.] Kling to pay multas and illegal costs. ¶ Respectfully, ¶ Samuel Weil for Paul Kling of New Orleans, La"

December 21, 1927.  Letter from US Consul A. J. McConnico, Bluefields, to US Charge d'Affaires Lawrence Dennis, Managua.   ".Bluefields, Nicaragua, December 21, 1927. ¶ THE HONORABLE ¶ THE CHARGE D’AFFAIRES, ¶ AMERICAN LEGATION, ¶ MANAGUA, NICARAGUA. ¶ SIR: ¶ I have the honor, referring to my letter of December 7, 1927, in which I submitted a complaint of Mr. Sam’l Weil in behalf of Mr. Paul Kling, to transmit herewith an additional complaint of Mr. Weil giving further information on the case. ¶ It appears from the additional complaint that the local judge and the lawyer, who were attempting to enforce the payment of taxes, were working in haste to collect these taxes from Mr. Weil, knowing that it was the object of the Nicaraguan Government to repeal all fines of such a nature, (pertaining to mines). And, as I understand, they were in receipt of information not to press the suit. ¶ I have the honor to be, Sir, ¶ Your obedient servant, ¶ A. J. McConnico, ¶ American Consul. ¶ Enclosure: ¶ As stated above. ¶ 350."

December 25, 1927.  "Intelligence report for week ending 25 Dec 1927," Capt. R. W. Peard, Ocotal, to Jefe Director GN, Managua.   "OFFICE OF THE DIVISION COMMANDER ¶ DIVISION OF NUEVA SEGOVIA ¶ OCOTAL, NICARAGUA. ¶ 25 December 1827 [1927]. ¶ From: The Division Commander. ¶ To: The Jefe Director, G.N., Managua. ¶ Subject: Intelligence report for week ending 25 Dec 1927. ¶ 1. General state of territory occupied: No Change. ¶ Attitude [of] Civil Population toward forces: No change noticeable, but it is believed that the general idea of civilians in this area, to wit; that the G.N. represents a “Conservative Army”, is gradually being dissipated by their non-partisan actions, both in civil matters and their willingness to seek out bandit groups of both political parties, whenever the opportunity presents. ¶ Economic Conditions: No change. Many coffee growers in vicinity of Telpaneca and eastward thereof, are encountering great hardship from presence of bandits, but this condition is expected to be alleviated within the next two weeks. ¶ Attitude of Press: None in this area. ¶ Police Operations: See Police Report of even date. ¶ Military Operations: One contact this week at Macualizo [Macuelizo?]. (See Weekly Memo. No. 9, this office, for details). ¶ Livingston’s column from Matagalpa was reported four miles north of Mancotal at 1000 yesterday. Richal’s column is now at Telpaneca and will leave there to meet Livingston at Quilali, when Livingston reaches Santa Cruz on Coco River, southeast of Quilali. ¶ Miscellaneous: Telegraph lines to Honduras and Jicaro are out of order. Line was cut this week between Somoto and Pueblo Nuevo, but was repaired after being out about two days. ¶ Addenda to Military Operations: At 0300 on Christmas morning, Captain Cronmiller, G.N. took a foot patrol of ten marines and two enlisted guardia about seven miles northeast of Ocotal in search of bandit group under command of José Torres, who were reported there, but met with no success, as place was vacated upon his arrival, at daylight. ¶ R. W. PEARD"

December 29, 1927.  "Alleged recruiting in the Department of Jinotega, Nicaragua," C.O. F. S. N. Ersckine, Matagalpa, to CO, 5th Reg't, Managua.  "[...] -FSNE-wib ¶ HEADQUARTERS, THIRD BATTALION, FIFTH REGIMENT, ¶ SECOND BRIGADE, U.S. MARINE CORPS, MATAGALPA, NICARAGUA, ¶ 29 December, 1927. ¶ From: The Commanding Officer. ¶ To: The Commanding Officer, Fifth Regiment, ¶ U.S. Marine Corps, Managua, Nicaragua. ¶ Subject: Alleged recruiting in the Department of JINOTEGA, Nicaragua. ¶ Reference: (a) Radio CO 5th Regt 8614-1115, December 1927. ¶ 1. In compliance with the above reference, after an investigation, the following facts were discovered: ¶ (a) That one, Gabino Castro, who reported that his sons had been taken from their homefor [home for] the purpose of forcing them in the service by the Jefe Politico of Jinotega is absolutely untrue. This native is a conservative and is trying to discredit the Jefe Politico at Jinotega. ¶ (b) His sons were never confined in the jail at Jinotega. ¶ (c) Investigation shows that one of his sons was brought to Jinotega for physical examination for use on the police force at Jinotega, but was found unfit after which he returned to his home. ¶ (d) The investigation resulted in that the report is absolutely false. ¶ F. S. N. ERSKINE."

1.  31 December 1927.  "GUARDIA BULLETIN NUMBER 3:  For period November 10 to December 31, 1927," p. 1.   "HEADQUARTERS, GUARDIA NACIONAL DE NICARAGUA, ¶ MANAGUA, NICARAGUA. ¶ 31 December, 1927. ¶ GUARDIA BULLETIN ¶ NUMBER 3 ¶ (For period November 10 to December 31, 1927) ¶ 1. A copy of this GUARDIA BULLETIN (IN SPANISH), WILL BE POSTED ON THE BULLETIN BOARD at each post of the Guardia Nacional: ¶ 2. During the period 10 November to 31 December, 1927 troops of the Guardia Nacional de Nicaragua participated in the following engagements against organized bandit forces in Nicaragua, Central America:- ¶ SAN JUAN ENGAGEMENT ¶ On November 10, 1927 at 2:00 a.m., a Guardia Nacional-U.S. Marine Corps patrol commanded by Lieut. James H. Satterfield, G.N. left Telpaneca, Nicaragua to attack a group of forty bandits commanded by Porfirio Sanchez, operating near San Juan, Telpaneca, Nuevo Segovia [Nueva Segovia]. ¶ The patrol arrived at San Juan at 5:00 a.m. and found the bandit camp asleep. An outpost of five men about 150 yards from the main camp prevented a complete surprise. Four of the outpost were killed and the fifth captured and afterwards killed while attempting to escape. ¶ The main camp was aroused by the fight at the outpost but stood its ground to fight for a few minutes, but the patrol’s fire was so destructive that the bandits soon broke and ran, taking their wounded with them. ¶ CASUALTIES ¶ U. S. Marine Corps:- None. ¶ Guardia Nacional:- None. ¶ Bandits:[-] 5 killed (accounted for) ¶ PATROL FROM TELPANECA ¶ On 21 November, 1927, Lieut. James H. Satterfield, G.N. with a Guardia-Marine patrol from Telpaneca, Nueva Segovia, Nicaragua, had contact with a group of mounted bandits about six miles north-East of Telpaneca. The patrol attacked and dispersed the bandits. ¶ CASUALTIES ¶ U. S. Marine Corps:- NONE. ¶ Guardia Nacional:[-] None. ¶ Bandits:- 3 killed (accounted for) ¶ LAGUNA ENGAGEMENT ¶ On 25 November, 1927 Lieut. Herbert S. Keimling, G.N. with a Guardia-Marine mounted patrol enroute from Potaste [Pataste?], Nueva Segovia, Nicaragua, to patrol along the Hondurian [Honduran]-Nicaraguan Border was fired on near Laguna Colorado, Nicaragua, by a group of thirty bandits. The patrol returned the fire dispersing the bandits and driving them across the Border into Honduras. ¶ CASUALTIES ¶ U. S. Marine Corps:- None. ¶ Guardia Nacional:- One wounded (Not serious) ¶ Bandits:- 4 killed. ¶ The patrol captured some ammunition, one horse, one cow, and a large quantity of corn and beans. ¶ (O-V-E-R) [...]"

2.  31 December 1927.  "GUARDIA BULLETIN NUMBER 3:  For period November 10 to December 31, 1927," p. 2.   "[...] NOTES ON THE LAGUNA ENGAGEMENT ¶ Lieut. Keimling states that the “combined patrol fought with energy and determination, and with increasing ferocity and aggressiveness”. ¶ SAN PEDRO RANCH ENGAGEMENT ¶ On 5 December, 1927 a Guardia-Marine patrol commanded by Sgt. Fred G. Smith, U.S. Marine Corps, (Cpl. Pompilio Largaspado, #157, G.N. commanded the Guardia Nacional unit), departed from Jicaro, Nuevo Segovia [Nueva Segovia] to march toward San Fernando to meet a bull cart train of military supplies and to return with it as an armed escort to Jicaro. This patrol was ambushed at 11:00 a.m. when about 300 yards past San Pedro Ranch, (Near Sabana Grande). The Bandit force of about 200 men held the high ground and immeditely [immediately] surrounded the patrol, firing into it with rifle fire and dynamite bombs. After an hour and twenty-five minutes of desperate fighting the patrol fought its way through the bandit lines and continued toward San Fernando and carried out its mission. ¶ CASUALTIES ¶ U. S. Marine Corps:- None. ¶ Guardia Nacional:- Marco Antonio Fonseca, #39, killed. No next of kin. ¶ Bandits:[-] Estimated 30 killed and wounded. ¶ NOTES ON THE ABOVE ENGAGEMENT ¶ One of the bandit chiefs spoke English. ¶ The bandits wore brown clothing. ¶ One marine had his Browing [Browning] Automatic Rifle jam beyond repair so he buried the trigger group and discarded the B.A.R. and armed himself with the dead Guardia’s Krag rifle. ¶ EL PORTERO ENGAGEMENT ¶ At 2:00 a.m., 6 December, 1927 a Guardia Nacional-U.S. Marine patrol commanded by Lieut. Wilburt S. Brown, U.S. Marine Corps, departed from Telpaneca, Nueva Segovia, Nicaragua, to attack a bandit force of thirty men under Theodor Polcanco at El Portero. The patrol attacked and dispersed the bandits at 4:30 a.m. ¶ CASUALTIES ¶ U. S. Marine Corps:- None. ¶ Guardia Nacional:- None. ¶ Bandits:- five killed (Accounted for) ¶ The patrol captured two shotguns, twenty machetes, four horses, one mule, and a quantity of other bandit material. ¶ NOTES ON THE ABOVE ENGAGEMENT ¶ Theodor Polcano is Sandino’s “Jefe de Reten,[”] (reserve unit) in Santo Domingo, (a village) ¶ The patrol commander stated in his report to the Commanding officer, American Forces in Nicaragua, that the three Guardia conducted themselves in a praisworthy [praiseworthy] manner and that Raso Ernesto Castillo, #176 was particularly efficient throughout the combat. Raso Castillo’s next of kin is Santos Gomez (Mother) of leon [León]. [...]"

3.  31 December 1927.  "GUARDIA BULLETIN NUMBER 3:  For period November 10 to December 31, 1927," p. 3.   "[...] CORRAL FALSO ENGAGEMENT ¶ At 2:50 a.m., 10 December, 1927 a Guardia Nacional patrol commanded by Lieut. Herbert S. Keimling, G.N. departed from Mal Paso, nueva Segovia [Nueva Segovia], Nicaragua to patrol the Honduranian [Honduran]-Nicaraguan Border. While patrolling information was received of bandit activity in the vicinity of Corral Falso. The patrol located the bandits and immediately attacked and dispersed them. ¶ The patrol destroyed three bandit shacks, some captured provisions and tobacco, three rifles, some ammunition, and retained one captured horse, saddle and five machetes. ¶ CASUALTIES ¶ Guardia Nacional:- None. ¶ Bandits:- Six killed, and three seriously wounded, (accounted for). ¶ NOTES ON THE ABOVE ENGAGEMENT ¶ This eggagement [engagement] is the first important combat with the enemy planned and executed by a unit composed entirely of Guardia Nacional troops. ¶ The entire Guardia reads with admiration the skillful handling and successful attack of the above patrol. It will increase the confidence of all Nicaraguan people in the ability of the Guardia Nacional to establish an era of peace in Nicaragua[.] ¶ Cabo Luis Huerta, #221, G.N. was mentioned in the patrol Commander’s report for his excellent work as a granadier [grenadier]. One hand grenade thrown by him killed two bandits. Cabo Huerta has received two citations for bravery in two battles previous to the above engagement. His next of kin is Basilia Orozco, (Mother) of Managua. ¶ COJE PATROL ¶ At 10:00 a.m., 11 December, 1927 a Guardia Nacional-U.S. Marine Patrol commanded by Lieut. James H. Satterfield, G.N. departed from Telpaneca, Nueva Segovia to attack a bandit camp at Coje. At 4:30 a.m. he attacked and dispersed the bandits [bandits’] force of fifty men commanded by Condelario Lopez. ¶ CASUALTIES ¶ U.S. Marine Corps:- ¶ None. ¶ Guardia Nacional:- NONE. ¶ Bandits:- Five killed, (Accounted for) ¶ Three mortally wounded (accounted for). ¶ The patrol captured two shotguns, two rifles, ten machetes, one burro, and fourteen turkeys. ¶ PORTILLO ENGAGEMENT ¶ On 17 December, 1927 a Guardia Nacional-U.S. Marine Corps patrol from Ocotal commanded by Captain La Page Cronmiller, G.N. engaged and despersed [dispersed] a bandit group on top of Portillo Mountain, two leagues West of Mosonto, Nueva Segovia, Nicaragua, C.A.:- ¶ CASUALTIES ¶ U. S. Marine Corps:- NONE. ¶ Guardia Nacional:- None. ¶ Bandits:- One killed (accounted for) ¶ NOTES ON THE ABOVE ENGAGEMENT ¶ An automatic fire and a Thompson Sub-machine gun gained fire superiority for the patrol. [...]"

4.  31 December 1927.  "GUARDIA BULLETIN NUMBER 3:  For period November 10 to December 31, 1927," p. 4.   "[...] The Patrol Commander mentioned the following Guardia in his report to the Jefe Director for the creditable manner in which they fought: ¶ Sgt. Benito Garcia #99 Next of kin: Paula Garcia, (Mother) of leon [León]. ¶ Cabo Ramon Madriz #294 Next of kin: Flora Avendana, of Granada. ¶ Raso Gustavo Escovar #40 No next of kin. ¶ SABANA GRANDE ENGAGEMENT ¶ On 26 December, 1927 a Guardia-Marine Patrol Commanded by Lieut. Harry Boyle, G.N. attacked and captured a group of bandits at Sabana Grande, near Jicaro, Nueva Segovia, Nicaragua. ¶ CASUALTIES ¶ U.S. MARINE CORPS:- NONE ¶ Guardia Nacional:- None. ¶ Bandits:- One killed, (Juan Munzo) ¶ Five captured. ¶ (Among captured was the father of the late Rufo Marino, Sandino Jefe, killed at Ocotal Battle). ¶ GUANACASTILLO ENGAGEMENT ¶ On 30 December, 1927 a Guardia-Marine Patrol from Telpaneca Commanded by Lieut. M.A. Richal, U.S. Marine Corps., (Lieut. Thomas G. Bruce, G.N. commanded Guardia Troops), engaged and dispersed a bandit force near Guanacastillo, Nueva Segovia, Nicaragua. ¶ CASUALTIES ¶ U.S. Marine Corps:- None. slightly wounded, Pvt Coyle. ¶ Guardia Nacional:[-] None. ¶ Bandits:- Unknown. ¶ QUILALI BATTLE ¶ On 30 December, 1927 a Marine-Guardia force from Matagalpa Commanded by Captain Richard Livingston, U.S. Marine Corps, engaged and despersed [dispersed] a force of about 400 bandits near Quilali, Nueva Segovia, Nicaragua. ¶ CASUALTIES ¶ Guardia Nacional:[-] ¶ Killed. ¶ Lieut. John W. Hemphill. ¶ Cabo Enrique Hernandez, #356. ¶ Wounded. ¶ Lieut. John W. Neel ¶ Raso Luis C. Garcias #49 ¶ Raso Paulecarpo Gutierrez #355 ¶ MARINE CORPS:[-] ¶ Killed. ¶ Four. ¶ Wounded. ¶ Twenty-two. ¶ Civilian Guide. ¶ Killed. ¶ One. ¶ Bandits:- ¶ Suffered such heavy losses that they abandoned field. A bandit who deserted from the bandit force after the battle states that he saw over 100 dead bandits. [...]"

5.  31 December 1927.  "GUARDIA BULLETIN NUMBER 3:  For period November 10 to December 31, 1927," p. 5.   "[...] 3. The following Guardia Nacional personnel ahve [have] received letters of commendation from the Jefe Director:- ¶ 2nd Lieut. Hayden Freeman, G.N. ¶ Sergeant Luis Valle B., G.N., #165. ¶ Cabo Francisco Espinoza, R., G.N., #57. ¶ The above individuals constituted a patrol that operated from Chinandega for 19 hours continuously beginning at 7:00 p.m., 2 December, 1927 and extending to Venicia on the Pacific Coast of Nicaragua and to El Viejo. There was taken by the patrol contraband goods including 143 bunches of large leaf tobacco, 97 large bed spreads, 1900 clay bird whistles, miscellaneous silk, stockings, hammocks, table covers, and five prisoners. ¶ The Chief of the Guardia noted with appreciation the untiring efforts excercised [exercised] by the patrol which resulted so successfully and commended them for their zeal and attention to duty. ¶ A copy of the letter of commendation is placed in the service record of each of the above members of the Guardia. ¶ 4. The following letter of commendation was written by the Jefe Director of the Guardia Nacional on 12 December, 1927:- ¶ “From: The Chief of the Guardia. ¶ To: Cpl. Grabiel Blanco Romero, #448. ¶ Subject: Commendation. ¶1. The Chief of the Guardia is in receipt of a report that while performing duty at the Penitenciaria Nacional and then only armed with a bayonet, when ordered to arrest a drunken man in the vicinity of the Penitenciaria who was mounted armed with a revolver and waving this revolver threateningly you mounted a horse without delay to obtain your rifle and pursued the drunken man who was riding away, overtook him and arrested him. ¶ 2. This prompt and corageous [courageous] action in performance of duty meets with the approval of the Chief of the Guardia who commends you thereof. ¶ 3. A copy of this letter will be made a part of your official service record. ¶ R. R. BEADLE”. ¶ 5. The contents of General Order #91 are republished below for the information and compliance of all Guardia Officers: ¶ 1. Whenever a detachment of the Guardia Nacional is engaged with the enemy, the Officer of the Guardia Nacional Commanding will submit a report of the engagement to the Chief of the Guardia setting forth the incidents of the fight and the conduct of the men under him. This report will be forwarded regardless of what reports are submitted by the Commander of the Forces of the U.S. Marine Corps in company with which the Guardia may be operating. ¶ 2. Whenever an officer or man of the Guardia Nacional is recommended for citation in General Orders, recommenadtion [recommendation] will relate in detail, the special act or acts for which recommendation for citation is made. ¶ NOTE. In reporting an engagement effort will be made to locate the scene of the combat by means of some nearby prominent geographical land-mark, such as the name of a ranch, mountain, hill, village, locality, valley, etc. The Engagement will thereafter be named in Guardia reports after the geographical land-mark. Examples: “Battle of Somotillo”, “Apali Ranch Engagement”, and “Battle of Telpaneca”. [...]"

6.  31 December 1927.  "GUARDIA BULLETIN NUMBER 3:  For period November 10 to December 31, 1927," p. 6.   "[...] 6. On 6 November, 1927 (Election Day) the Guardia assisted materially in observing the election and preventing disorder throughout the Area occupied by Guardia Troops in which polling places were open. ¶ 7. On 18 November, 1927 the newly organized Fifth Company of the Guardia Nacional was presented its Company Colors with impressive military ceremony by Senor Richardo Lopez C., Minister de la Gobernacion Y Anexos who addressed the Company as follows: ¶ “On presenting these Company Colors I wish to state that the Government hopes that you will defend this banner valiantly and honorably, even sacrificing your lives if necessary as has been done already by members of the companies of the Guardia Nacional now operating in the Northern Departments, companies which are fighting for the preservation of peace and order in our beloved country. By acting thusly you will deserve and gain the commendation of your chiefs and the confidence of all the people.” ¶ 8. On 21 November, 1927 the Fifth Company, G.N. departed from Managua and arrived at Leon where it garrisoned that city and established the Division of Leon. ¶ On 1 December, 1927 Major Glenn E. Hayes, G.N. took over office as Chief of Police of Leon, and the Fifth Company, G.N. took over the Leon Prison and the policing of the city of Leon. ¶ 9. DIVISION OF CHINANDEGA ¶ The Sub-division of Somotillo was established and the police functions of that Sub-division taken over on 17 November, 1927. This completes the establishment of the Sub-divisions in the Chinandega Division. ¶ 10. On 15 December, 1927 the Nicaraguan Congress opened its sessions at the National Palace in Managua. A platoon of Guardia troops, a battery of three inch mountain guns, and the Presidential Band rendered the appropriate military honors. ¶ 11. The following extract from the message of the President of Nicaragua, Don Adolfo Diaz, to Congress at its opening session on15 December, 1927 is of interest to the Guardia Nacional: ¶ “THE NATIONAL GUARD” ¶ “We have already related the points of transaction, which in an indirect manner was agrred [agreed] to by the two Nicaraguan Factions to terminate the war. From these points, arose others which came to consideration of the Mediator, and of the Director of the two Parties as necessary measures which should be of great service to prevent that peace br [be?] ephemeral, but rather that it should be supported by new and durable systems for the time necessary to produce the stability of public order. ¶ For many years past, there has been in formation the conviction, that in arms, and their management and direction, existed for the greater part the danger of our political disturbances. To avoid this revolutionary cause, it has been thought to create a national body, neutral to our political differences, and dedicated only to be the bulwark of our independence, and defenders of our institutions. In 1923 in the Central American Conferences in Washington, they began to consider this matter; and it became the object of one of the Chapters in the treaties of that year; and which forms today the special international Doctrine, on which rests the Politics of the Isthmian Republics. ¶ It treats of forming this body with Instructors supplied by a friendly Government, which at the same time is interested by reason of geographical circumstances, and of well known history, in the conserving of our sovereignty, and in constitutional order. [...]"

7.  31 December 1927.  "GUARDIA BULLETIN NUMBER 3:  For period November 10 to December 31, 1927," p. 7.   "[...] The past revolution, with the interventions as an inevitable consequence brought by results, made me think of the necessity of insisting in the organization of this national body non-political and when I initiated movements in this direction, duly authorized by you, The soverign [sovereign] Congress, to celebrate a treaty with the United States, a treaty of offensive and defensive alliance, which I could not carry through, I wrote one of its chapters on the formation and discipline of this body by means of a military mission, supplied from the military force of the United States, by the American Government. ¶ On concluding our civil war, we again contemplated the necissity [necessity], and things being now on another level, the people of Nicaragua taught by their recent misfortunes have approved the idea; accepting it; by way of the two historic parties; and which they have tacitly as a condition of the agreement of peace, and of actual and future convenience. ¶ Complying with the theory initiated in the treates [treaties] of Washington, I have made an agreement with the Government of the United States for the organization of a National Guard, which shall be directed, disciplined, and ordered by a body of Chiefs and Officers of the United States Marine Corps, and which body shall function until it can be sustained by Nicaraguan Officials, trained and exercised, and capable for the purpose. ¶ The agreement in question will arrive for your consideration by way of the Minister of Foreign affairs, and to ask for your illustrious sanction, I notify from now on the general benefits in its clauses which may be derived by our country, such as the solidification of its tranquility, and of its institutions.” ¶ 12. On 23 December, 1927 the Jefe Director received the following letter from Senor Ramon Aviles, the director of the news-paper, “La Noticia”.- ¶ “ Managua, December 33rd [23?]. 1927. ¶ General Elias R. Beadle, ¶ Chief Director of the National Guard, ¶ City. ¶ My dear General: ¶ Wishing you a Merry Christmas and a Happy New Year to you and all the National Guard, from which the Nicaraguan people expects so much, we take the liberty to call your attention on the following position we have decided to make you, provided that the Military Regulations of the National Guard, will not be altered in the least. ¶ The absent minded boy that, by carelessness let escape a couple of months ago, the Sergeant that had been arrested for improper behavior, is now doing time in the Penitenciary. ¶ His neglectedness has been punished. As he is very young, we feel very happy if you were kind enough to authorize his liberty as you did the other boys that had been confined in the cells of the National Guard Quarters. In asking you this condescension, we are only backed by your ample understanding of life. ¶ Very truly yours, ¶ /s/ Juan Ramon Aviles.” ¶ Note: The Guardia mentioned above as being confined in the National Penitenciaria was Raso Ernesto Paniagua, #159 who was sentenced to six months confinement for allowing a dangerous prisoner to escape while a guard over him. Raso Paniagua had served only two months of his sentence but appreciating the kindly intention that […]"

8.  31 December 1927.  "GUARDIA BULLETIN NUMBER 3:  For period November 10 to December 31, 1927," p. 8.   "..."

9.  31 December 1927.  "GUARDIA BULLETIN NUMBER 3:  For period November 10 to December 31, 1927," p. 9.   "..."

10.  31 December 1927.  "GUARDIA BULLETIN NUMBER 3:  For period November 10 to December 31, 1927," p. 10.   "..."

April 9, 1930.  Information Sheet on Alejandro Cerda.   "..."

August 17, 1930.  Captain R. W. Peard, "Personal Description Data" on Alejandro Cerda, p. 1.  "..."

August 17, 1930.  Captain R. W. Peard, "Personal Description Data" on Alejandro Cerda, p. 2.  "..."

November 18, 1930.  Memorandum to Area Commander on Dr. Alejandro Cerda, Captain W. L. Bales, Pueblo Nuevo, p. 1.  "..."

November 18, 1930.  Memorandum to Area Commander on Dr. Alejandro Cerda, Captain W. L. Bales, Pueblo Nuevo, p. 2.   "..."

December 10, 1930.  Form GN-2-203 on Alejandro Cerda, Captain W. L. Bales, C.O., District of Pueblo Nuevo.   "..."

February 1, 1931.  "Who Are the Ones That Encourage Banditry: Guardia Nacional de Nicaragua Take Notice," Antonio Sarantes, Danlí, Honduras, letter to La Prensa, Managua (English translation).   "..."

1.  February 16, 1931.  Letter from Dr. Alejandro Cerda, Danlí, Honduras, to Sr. General José María Moncada, Managua (English translation), p. 1.  "..."

2.  February 16, 1931.  Letter from Dr. Alejandro Cerda, Danlí, Honduras, to Sr. General José María Moncada, Managua (English translation), p. 2.  "..."

3.  February 16, 1931.  Letter from Dr. Alejandro Cerda, Danlí, Honduras, to Sr. General José María Moncada, Managua (English translation), p. 3.  "..."

March 31, 1931.  Letter from Alejandro Cerda, Danlí, Honduras, to Major Hunt, Ocotal (English translation).   "..."

April 18, 1931.  Letter from Alejandro Cerda, Danlí, Honduras, to Major Hunt, Ocotal (English translation).   "..."

April 19, 1931.  Letter from Alejandro Cerda, Danlí, Honduras, to the US Minister, Tegucigalpa, Honduras (English translation).  "..." 

August 14, 1931.  Letter from Alejandro Cerda, Danlí, Honduras, to Major Hunt, Ocotal (English translation).   "..."

August 21, 1931.  Letter from Alejandro Cerda, Danlí, Honduras, to Major Hunt, Ocotal (English translation).   "..."

September 11, 1931.  Letter from Alejandro Cerda, Danlí, Honduras, to Major Hunt, Ocotal (English translation).   "..."

March 23, 1932.  "Doctor Alejandro Cerda G. Defends Himself Against Slanderous Attacks," English translation of newspaper article.  "..."

August 25, 1932.  Confidential report on Dr. Alejandro Cerda, Area Commander Col. T. E. Watson, Ocotal, to the Jefe Director, Managua, p. 1.  "..."

August 25, 1932.  Confidential report on Dr. Alejandro Cerda, Area Commander Col. T. E. Watson, Ocotal, to the Jefe Director, Managua, p. 2.  "..."

August 26, 1932 (no date).  Memo on Dr. Alejandro Cerda by Thomas P. Cheatham.  "..."

August 27, 1932 (no date).  Transcript of interview with Alejandro Cerda (English translation).  "..."

August 28, 1932 (no date).  Information provided to the G.N.N. by Alejandro Cerda (English translation).  "..."

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