1.  June 17, 1930.  G-2 Translation of article in El Dictamen, Veracruz, May 30, 1930, letter from Dr. Pedro José Zepeda, Mexico City, Capt. Robert E. Cummings, Acting Military Attaché, p. 1.    "G-2 Report ¶ 3850-a ¶ MEXICO ¶ POLITICAL ¶ SUBJECT: Foreign Relations: ¶ Status of Relations with Foreign Countries: ¶ C. A. SANDINO. ¶ 1. Attached hereto there is forwarded a translation, from the American Consul at Vera Cruz, of an article which appeared in “El Dictamen” published in that city, of date May 30, 1930, and which contains a letter from Dr. Pedro José Zepeda, Sandino’s representative in Mexico City. ¶ 2. From this article it will be noted that Augusto Caesar Sandino has severed relations with the Mexican Communist Party, and that his representative in Mexico City hints that funds which were destined for Sandino were misappropriated by the Communists. ¶ 3. Judging from the tone of the letter, and the accusations made therein by Sandino’s representative, it would appear that Sandino’s career in Mexico is finished. ¶ Robert E. Cummings, ¶ Captain, Infantry, DOL, ¶ Assistant Military Attaché, ¶ Acting Military Attaché. ¶ Source: At stated. ¶ C/p ¶ From: M.A.Mexico. ¶ Report No. 2948. ¶ Date: June 17, 1930. . . . "

2.  June 17, 1930.  G-2 Translation of article in El Dictamen, Veracruz, May 30, 1930, letter from Dr. Pedro José Zepeda, Mexico City, Capt. Robert E. Cummings, Acting Military Attaché, p. 2.      " . . . The Attacks on Sandino are because he would not allow himself to be managed by the Communists in Mexico. ¶ Sandino’s representative in Mexico, Dr. Zepeda, in a letter replies to the attacks, and in turn accuses the Communists. ¶ “To the Director of “El Dictamen”: ¶ Dear Sir and Friend: ¶ I would be very grateful if you would cause to be published in the paper which you so ably edit, the following declarations which have been made by Dr. Pedro José Zepeda, the general representative of the defending army of the National Sovereignty of Nicaragua: ¶ “By reason of the accusations which Sr. Hernán Laborde, in his position of secretary-general of the Communist party, made against General Augusto Caesar Sandino, permit me to make the following explanations from which it can be seen that General Sandino has never betrayed that party, for the following reasons: ¶ “First: When the Association called ‘Hands off Nicaragua’ began a campaign to collect funds to be delivered to the Nicaraguan patriots, General Sandino was not aware of the connections of that association. ¶ “Second: The funds for the purpose, which were turned over to the army which I have the honor to represent, amounted to $250.00; and all the world knows that this amount would not serve even for one day to take care of the needs of that group of patriots which has maintained itself for more than three years, with the rifle at the shoulder. ¶ “Third: Having in my possession the complete archives of the invincible supreme chief of the Liberation Movement of Nicaragua, I am in a position to answer point by point, the calumnious statements which may be made against him. ¶ “Now I am going to reply in a general way, to the statements of Sr. Laborde. It is true that Constantino F. Martí, the former private secretary of General Sandino, was discharged from the headquarters of that chief, for the reason that it had been proved that not only did ne not serve with loyalty the cause of the defenders of Nicaragua, but also that he acted as a spy of the Communist Party in Mexico, within our army. In addition to the fact that I possess the official communications of General Sandino in which he advised me officially, indicating that said notice be published, the said Colonel Martí has declared before various persons that he was commissioned by the aforesaid Communist Party to spy on the actions of our supreme chief. ¶ “In respect to the second point in which Sr. Laborde makes reference to my declarations, I said and I repeat, that in the defending army of the national sovereignty of Nicaragua, General Sandino did not have, nor does he now have, any agreement with the Communist Party nor with any other association or government, because this would be equal to taking away the undisputed liberty of action which is necessary for us to carry forward, without any interruption, our plan of National liberation. With respect to the statement that our movement has betrayed . . . "

3.  June 17, 1930.  G-2 Translation of article in El Dictamen, Veracruz, May 30, 1930, letter from Dr. Pedro José Zepeda, Mexico City, Capt. Robert E. Cummings, Acting Military Attaché, p. 3.     " . . . the working and agricultural classes, whether of Nicaragua or of the entire world, I consider such statement absurd, because our struggle in this moment is not social but for autonomy, and during such time as we do not have a free nation, it would be useless to take a position in either of these subjects. General Sandino has reasons for believing that from the busom of the Communist Party of Mexico, there had been put out the calumnious version that the interruption of the struggle in Nicaragua, was the result of the betrayal of our army by General Sandino, and they even went so far as to say that Dr. Carlos León had seen the check for sixty thousand dollars which the Mexican Government had sent in order to convince General Sandino of the necessity for giving up the struggle. As may naturally be suspected, this produced in General Sandino the most violent indignation, but incapacitated as he was at that time to disprove this grave charge, he took the prudent course, leaving them, as he himself said, “that they should clean up the filth they had thrown”. This is the origin of the letters exchanged between General Sandino and the secretary-general of the Communist Party of Mexico; this is the origin of the sarcastic declaration that ‘the Communist Party of Mexico being the one from which we have received most help, in our anti-Imperialistic struggle in Nicaragua’. This I likewise underlined, as I underline that which I said before, that we received $250.00 from the committee ‘Hands Off Nicaragua’, as a product of the collections which were made in the streets and theaters. I do not care to make the accusation that Sr. Laborde or the Communist Party of Mexico had taken these funds, but they, better than anyone else, are in a position to know what use was made of them. ¶ “It is undeniable that the Communists of Mexico did unmentionable things to cause General Sandino to break relations not only with the Government of Mexico, but also with all that element which sincerely affiliated with our cause, could have given liberty of action and independence to General Sandino. ¶ “Following out a preconceived plan, the unpleasantness of Martí towards the newspaper men who came to interview General Sandino and which provoked an unfortunate incident which I personally had to arrange. It was due to this same plan of the Communists that the same Martí was made a prisoner as the result of having given utterance to displeasing statements about the President of the Republic; utterances which placed General Sandino in a highly embarrassing position. When General Sandino was given an account of the manner in which the Communists were acting through his private secretary, he resolved in a determined manner to clear up the situation, and it is for this, fundamentally, that the Communist Party feels that it has been betrayed, because, finding that General Sandino was not a manageable person and that he could not have in Nicaragua a motive for agitation which could be called Communistic. ¶ “However, the fury of Sr. Laborde can be clearly seen, in that, while he assured on one side that Sandino returned to the struggle obeying a utilitarian plan, on the other hand, he was assuring the Communists that his stay in Mexico was in obedience to his purchase by the North American Imperialism, the purchase which had been made by the Government of Moncada, etc. . . . "

4.  June 17, 1930.  G-2 Translation of article in El Dictamen, Veracruz, May 30, 1930, letter from Dr. Pedro José Zepeda, Mexico City, Capt. Robert E. Cummings, Acting Military Attaché, p. 4.     " . . . Resuming, for the Communists, General Sandino sold himself when for strategic reasons and political reasons, he provisionally abandoned the field of battle, where during three long years he had maintained himself immovable before all the united forces of Moncada and of the North American Government. General Sandino was not sold to the Mexican Government; when materially incapacitated, he remained in Mérida, Yucatán, awaiting the opportune moment to return to his duty; and now it results also that according to the communists, he goes to gamble his life in order that the North American Government may secure greater advantages from the traitor José María Moncada. ¶ “Like the pervious calumnies, is the observation that General Sandino had received certain materials, and even that he received money, the fabulous sum of two thousand pesos, that he might return to resume the struggle. ¶ “Whatever may be the charges of the enemies of Nicaraguan liberty, we find ourselves resolved to demonstrate that we do not follow any base motives, and that earlier or later, the world will take account that General Sandino is a man immaculate, and a true apostle. ¶ Pedro José Zepeda. ¶ General Representative of the Army to defend the National Sovereignty of Nicaragua.” ¶ And I beg that you will kindly publish this, for, having published in the organ under your direction, a news item from Mexico City, which referred to this same affair. ¶ I send you my thanks for the attention which the present letter may merit, and remain at your orders, ¶ Your most affectionate and attentive friend ¶ and servant, ¶ Enrique Rivera Bertrand, ¶ Representative in the State of Vera Cruz of the Army to defent [defend] the National Sovereignty of Nicaragua."

5.  June 6, 1930.  G-2 Report on Armed Revolutionary Movements: Revolutionary Activities, Major Fred T. Cruse, Military Attaché, San José.    "NICARAGUA ¶ POLITICAL ¶ No. 3020-d – Armed Revolutionary Movements. ¶ Revolutionary Activities. ¶ As was to be expected the recent heavy withdrawal of Marines from Nicaragua was the signal for immediate increase in the activities of enemies of President Moncada and of the United States. ¶ Sandino returned promptly to Nicaragua, but with no particular prestige. Mr. Elio Hazera informs me that Dr. Pedro J. Zepeda, the Nicaraguan agitator in Mexico has written to Gonzalo Navarro, a well-known Nicaraguan refugee now in San José, offering him the leadership of a new revolution against Moncada. ¶ This is most important, as it shows that the name of Sandino is no longer of value to the revolutionists. Further details will be forwarded as they become available. ¶ Report No. 749 ¶ San José--June 6, 1930 ¶ Fred T. Cruse, ¶ Major, G.S. ¶ M.A."

6.  June 5, 1930.  G-2 Report on Sandino Situation, Major Fred T. Cruse, Military Attaché, San José.  "SANDINO SITUATION ¶ Mr. Elio Hazera, Nicaraguan Minister to Costa Rica, returned two weeks ago from a trip to Managua. He told me this morning that the presence of Sandino in Nicaragua is most embarrassing to the Government. The officials are not afraid of extensive propaganda arising nor of Sandino being able to do much damage, but they do want to get rid of him and are finding this very difficult at the present time. Mr. Hazera says that the Nicaraguans feel that the Guardia Nacional will never be able to catch him and that the only way is to send in volunteer forces, as was done last year. These forces made an excellent clean-up of banditry, but were of course all Liberals and so a good deal of persecution of Conservatives by these forces took place. ¶ For this reason General MacDougal is opposed to sending volunteers in again, particularly as he is not prepared to admit that the Guardia cannot get Sandino. Mr. Hazera states that in his opinion the only solution is for President Moncada to take matters into his own hands and send in the volunteers. ¶ Report No. 746 ¶ San José--June 5, 1930. ¶ Fred T. Cruse, ¶ Major, G.S. ¶ M.A."

7.  June 4, 1930.  G-2 Report on Sandino Situation, Major Fred T. Cruse, Military Attaché, San José.  "On May 20th, the Government brought to Managua by plane the family of Miguel Angel Ortez, the bandit leader of Western Segovia.  Ortez is one of the most destructive bandits ever known in Nicaragua.  His family lived in Ocotal, but will be kept indefinitely in the Capital to prevent communication with Ortez.  In the same plane the authorities brought a girl named Lola Matamoros, who was a particular friend of Sandino when the latter was in the vicinity of Telpaneca, two years ago.  Emilio Bermejo, now in prison accused of organizing Sandino activities, will probably be deported."

8.  June 3, 1930.  G-2 Report on Sandino Situation, Capt. Robert E. Cummings, Acting Military Attaché, Mexico   "SANDINO SITUATION ¶ After a careful investigation in Yucatán,- one which had to be discreetly made, due to the State Department’s instructions of October 26, 1929, to the American Vice Consul at Progreso, Yucatán, regarding Sandino’s movements,- the following facts were discovered: ¶ 1) That Sandino and the members of his staff had been absent from Mérida, Yucatan, for about one month. ¶ 2) That careful inquiry made of Americans in the chicle business, who had recently been in the interior of Yucatan, disclosed the fact that it was not likely that Sandino was hiding on an hacienda or plantation in Yucatan or that fact would be known by them. ¶ 3) That the newspaper, police department, and military authorities, although reporting to my reliable contacts that Sandino had left Yucatan, either did not know his present whereabouts, or if they did know, would not disclose it, or by what means he had left Yucatan. It might be mentioned here that Sandino and his staff had been accustomed to making frequent trips to different sections of Yucatan under the pretext of purchasing a hennequen [henequen] plantation, and that any movement that he made to the coast of Yucatan for a departure from the State would not attract attention or cause any undue comment. ¶ 4) That Sandino’s house in Mérida had been closed and locked for about a month, and that since it is reported he always carries his own personal servants, no one was left behind in the house to question concerning his movements or present location."

9.  May 23, 1930.  G-2 Report on Sandino Situation, Major Fred T. Cruse, Military Attaché, San José.  "SANDINO SITUATION ¶ A report from Guatemala, which is probably accurate, states that Sandino passed secretly through Guatemala between May 1st and 3rd, en route to Salvador. Other reports, indicate that he reached Zacatecoluca. ¶ Two days ago the papers here contained an announcement, said to be an official statement by the Government of Honduras, that Sandino, with eleven companions, was on the North coast of Honduras en route to Nicaragua. It is probable that with Marines no longer stationed on the East coast he may attempt to go in by way of Coco river. ¶ It is difficult to say what he can do, should he reach his old area of operations in Nueva Segovia. He left Nicaragua for the reason that the point had been reached when natives were willing to give information as to his location. That condition probably still exists. In addition, the Guardia Nacional has no illusions about him. This is for the reason that during the year of his absence the Guardia has had to fight so called Sandinistas like Altamirano and Ortez and have found them to be a perfectly familiar type of vicious bandit. Also, it is not likely that any favorable propaganda can be put over in his behalf, as practically all his original backers have turned against him. ¶ Report No. 729 ¶ San José--May 23, 1930 ¶ Source – As stated ¶ Fred T. Cruse, ¶ Major, G.S. ¶ M.A."

10.  May 23, 1930.  G-2 Report on C. A. Sandino, Col. Gordon Johnston, Military Attaché, Mexico City.   "G-2 Report ¶ 3850-a ¶ MEXICO ¶ POLITICAL ¶ SUBJECT: C. A. SANDINO. ¶ 1. On May 16, 1930, the following telegrams were received from Progreso, Yucatán: ¶ From the American Consul to the Embassy: ¶ “Following telegram has been sent to the Department: ‘May 15 10 A M. Department’s telegram of May 14 6 P M. Today’s press contains report of Sandino’s return to Nicaragua with notation to the effect that investigation proves that he has been absent from Mérida for about one month.’” ¶ From the American Consul to the Embassy: ¶ “Following for Military Attaché from Cummings: ‘Telegram sent today to the Embassy by the Consul contains all available information. Will continue investigation.’” ¶ 2. Since the receipt of these messages there has been no official information in regard to Sandino. His representative here, Dr. Zepeda, maintains that he is now in Nicaragua and at the head of the guerrilla forces. Press despatches from Managua indicate that he has not yet arrived in that country. From unofficial, fairly reliable sources, information has been received to the effect that he was carried to the Guatemalan border by a military pilot of the Mexican Air Force. The name of the pilot was given and efforts are being made to verify this report. ¶ Gordon Johnston, ¶ Colonel, Cavalry, ¶ Military Attaché. ¶ Source: As stated. ¶ J/p ¶ From: M.A.Mexico. ¶ Report No. 2911. ¶ Date: May 23, 1930."

11.  May 21, 1930.  G-2 Report on Conditions on Honduran Border, Major Fred T. Cruse, Military Attaché, San José, p. 1.  "NICARAGUA ¶ POLITICAL ¶ No. 3020-d – Conditions on Honduran Border. ¶ The following summary is from a report recently made to Nicaraguan authorities by Colonel Juan Francisco Olivares. From the localities mentioned and the familiar names given I believe Colonel Olivares’ statement is very accurate. ¶ SUMMARY OF OLIVARES’ REPORT ¶ The present bandit leaders on the border are:-- ¶ Miguel Angel Ortez ¶ Ferbonio Baquedano ¶ Juan Pablo Umanzor ¶ Carlos Salgado. ¶ The latter was captured recently by General Alejandro Plata and taken to Tegucigalpa. After a few days he escaped and again is in the bandit area near San Marcos de Colon. ¶ The center of bandit activities is Danli, the Comandante of which place is Gilberto Gamero. He is a close relative of Leopoldo Gamero, who was Sandino’s Agent in Danli. Other bandit supports are José Idiaquez, who was a Sandino messenger during the early part of 1928. The principal source of funds for the bandits is Manuel Raudales, also of Danli. ¶ The bandits work in the fields and plantations in the vicinity of the frontier and assemble when called on by the leaders for raids across the frontier into Nicaragua. ¶ PRINCIPAL SOURCE OF SUPPLIES ¶ Bandits are obtaining most of their supplies from San Marcos de Colon, El Paraiso, Alauca and Danli. These supplies include pistols, ammunition, medical supplies and eatables. ¶ HONDURAN FORCES ON FRONTIER ¶ The only Honduran forces on the border are at San Antonio de Flores where Colonel Rafael Lara Licona has 27 men. Naturally the bandits come and go without being bothered by the Honduran authorities. . . . "

12.  May 21, 1930.  G-2 Report on Conditions on Honduran Border, Major Fred T. Cruse, Military Attaché, San José, p. 2.   " . . . When Sandino’s personal supporters crossed into Honduras after his flight to Mexico the following were captured by Honduran authorities and taken to Tegucigalpa:-- ¶ Francisco Estrada ¶ Pedro Antonio Irias ¶ Carlos Salgado ¶ Carlos Quesada ¶ José León Díaz ¶ Estrada and Diaz were permitted to go to Salvador and have not been heard of since. Salgado is back with the bandits. The others are scattered throughout Honduras. ¶ Note by M.A. - - For months there has been no mention among the bandits of being Sandinistas. With his departure they reverted to their former role of pure bandits, and are operating as such. If Sandino should return to Nicaragua it is doubtful of they would rejoin him. ¶ Report No. 724 ¶ San José--May 21, 1930 ¶ Fred T. Cruse, ¶ Major, G.S. ¶ M.A. ¶ MARINES ARMED AGAINST REBELS IN NICARAGUA ¶ Situation Quiet, Says Admiral, but Warship Brings Air Bombs. ¶ BY JULIAN F. HAAS. ¶ SPECIAL CABLE ¶ To The Chicago Daily News Foreign Service. ¶ Copyright, 1930, The Chicago Daily News, Inc. ¶ Panama City, June 13.—While Admiral Edward Campbell, commanding the naval forces in Nicaragua, informs The Chicago Daily News correspondent of restored peace along the eastern coast of the little republic, precautions are being undertaken to prevent a recurrence of outlawry. A fresh supply of “live” aerial bonds to combat bandit activities, supplementing the marine landing party, is to be unloaded at Corinto by the air squadron vessel Aroostook of the American battle fleet, now en route to California. ¶ Banditry in eastern Nicaragua has ceased and it is believed that the gangs that raided the Neptune mine three weeks ago under August Sandino’s favorite lieutenant, Altimirano, have retired to the interior, according to Admiral Campbell, who returned last night from an inspection trip to Nicaragua. ¶ Sandino Reported Back. ¶ “It is pretty well accepted that Sandino is back in Nicaragua, but he has not shown his hand,” declared Admiral Campbell. “His countrymen have lost interest in him and are beginning to realize that he has nothing to offer them. Indeed, Nicaraguans generally now feel that they could derive no benefits from backing Sandino; rather they would only be harming their country.” ¶ Admiral Campbell asserted that only 200 Nicaraguan guardsmen remained on the east coast, plus a small detachment posted at the mines, and that the marines ashore and sailors aboard the American cruiser Asheville were standing by. ¶ Bandits Are Peaceful. ¶ Confirmation of the peaceful conditions comes in reports from the eastern cities and mining and fruit area, where it is considered that the recent roving bandits consisted of workmen looking for jobs. There are also denials of rumors that ammunition is being landed at isolated points of the coast destined for either bandits or revolutionists. ¶ Altimirano’s band of 150, including a few small boys, which looted the Neptune mine, gave every appearance of the old Sandino army. Its members did not indulge in liquor nor attempt to abduct women and altogether they were well disciplined, according to naval reports. ¶ Some of the men wore red and black kerchiefs emblematic of the Sandinistas. However, they were poorly armed and what few rifles they had were obsolete."

13.  May 17 & 21, 1930.  Press clippings:  May 17, "Nicaragua Unstirred by Return of Sandino.  Government Doubts if He Can Unite Outlaws, but Is Ready to Increase Guard," New York Times, and May 21, "Seizures in Nicaragua — Several, Including a Mexican General, Suspected of Aiding Sandino, New York Times.   "NICARAGUA UNSTIRRED BY RETURN OF SANDINO ¶ Government Doubts if He Can Unite Outlaws, but Is Ready to Increase Guard. ¶ By Tropical Radio to THE NEW YORK TIMES ¶ MANAGUA, May 17.—Augustus Cesar Sandino, the noted Nicaraguan outlaw who was seen recently in Honduras, has probably crossed the border into Nicaraguan territory, according to information received in official quarters here. ¶ Officials here believe his return, if true, will not materially affect the situation, which is well controlled. Unless Sandino is able to organize guerilla warfare more effectively than on his previous attemptin [attempt in] 1926-27, the situation will remain unchanged. ¶ Depredations in the northern provinces are carried out under many leaders, working independently, each keeping more or less to his own territory, and the authorities believe it impossible to unite these independent bands under one head. ¶ However, if Sandino should accomplish unification the Nicaraguan Government feels itself well equipped to cope with the situation, and officials are not alarmed by the news of Sandino’s return. It has long been expected, and the Nicaraguan Government already has authorized General Douglas McDougal, the commander of the Nicaraguan National Guard, to increase the guard sufficiently to meet any situation. It is, therefore, felt that the only probable result of Sandino’s return would be a slight stimulation to a few disheartened bandits. ¶ The United States Marine Corps force in Nicaragua is reported to be unaffected by the news of Sandino’s arrival. ¶ Local newspapers say the Honduran Government is cooperating with Nicaragua against banditry, endeavoring to aid in keeping bandits from crossing the frontier for safety. ¶ SEIZURES IN NICARAGUA. ¶ Several, Including a Mexican General, Suspected of Aiding Sandino. ¶ By Tropical Radio to THE NEW YORK TIMES. ¶ MANAGUA, Nicaragua, May 21.—Several arrests, including those of a Mexican calling himself General Emilio Bermejo, a Spaniard and the family of Miguel Ortiz [Ortez], a former Sandino lieutenant, were made Saturday. ¶ Those arrested are suspected of being Sandino’s agents. Some were released today but it is understood that the foreigners may be deported. ¶ Semi-official information received today is that bandits in the northern provinces are receiving aid from Danli, a Honduran town near the border. It is believed that the bandits have a clearing house for stolen goods from Nicaragua near Danli. ¶ It has been announced at the presidential palace that reports of Sandino’s return to Nicaragua have not been confirmed.-"

14.  November 13, 1933.  G-2 Report by Major A. R. Harris, Military Attaché, San José.  "The Coco River has at least three names, used locally in different sections and also appearing on different maps. This same river is called in different places: the 'Segovia River' (Rio Segovia), the Wanks River, and The Coco River (Rio Coco). The term Coco River is used by most foreigners, the term Segovia is used by many Nicaraguans; and the term Wanks is used by the Caribs and negroes along the Mosquito Coast. It is belieed that the name Coco River is the most widely used."

15.  July 27, 1933.  G-2 Report on Sandino's Former Chief Lieutenant Assassinated, Major A. R. Harris, Military Attaché, San José.   "G-2 Report ¶ 2,700. ¶ NICARAGUA (Population & Social) ¶ Subject: Public Order and Safety. ¶ Sandino’s Former Chief Lieutenant Assassinated. ¶ Pedrón Altamirano, the most feared and the most bloodthirsthy [bloodthirsty] of Sandino’s “Jefes”, was assassinated a few days ago at a place called Bocay on the Coco River, halfway between Santa Cruz and Waspuk. At the same time Pedron’s two sons were also killed. At the present time it is not known who committed the deed. ¶ About the time Sandino threw down his arms it was rumored that Pedrón had broken with Sandino and refused to follow Sandino’s lead. Further reports (unconfirmed) were in circulation that Sandino was somewhat afraid of Pedrón and was not able to control him to any great extent. It is not at all improbably that Sandino, following the most approved “Al Capone” methods for putting away one of his lieutenants who threatened his rule, had Pedrón killed. On the other hand, it is known that Pedrón had many enemies who would like nothing better than to cut out his heart. ¶ Bocay has been for years the jumping off place for criminals and murderers from Nicaragua and Honduras. It is a very out of the way place and practically impossible to reach except by boat. At the present time it is one of the headquarters in which General Sandino runs his river transportation company. ¶ Source: Press. ¶ A. R. Harris, ¶ Major, G.S., M.A. ¶ From: M. A. Costa Rica ¶ Report No. 2,127 ¶ Date: July 27, 1933."   [NOTE:  a false report, probably a scheme by Pedrón to cover his tracks; see PEDRÓN ]

16.  May 17, 1935.  "Sandino Aide, Reported Slain, Is Quite Alive; Terror Turns Up After 2 Years as Robber," New York Times.  "Sandino Aide, Reported Slain, Is Quite Alive; Terror Turns Up After 2 Years as Robber ¶ Special Cable to THE NEW YORK TIMES. ¶ MANAGUA, Nicaragua, May 17.—General Pedro Altamirano, nicknamed Pedron, who was reported assassinated with his two sons almost two years ago, is now said by the Nicaraguan National Guard to be very much alive. ¶ For more than three months guard patrol had searched for a small group of bandits headed by General Altamirano and Simon Gonzalez. The bandits were finally located near Siuna. In a sharp half-hour skirmish two bandits were killed, three were wounded and several were captured. In addition guns and ammunition were seized. The bandit leaders, who had been warned, escaped. ¶ As one of Augusto C. Sandino’s generals, Altamirano, fearless and cruel, was considered the terror of the northern departments. But since the death of Sandino he has been unable to make a living and has resorted to petty banditry and is no longer feared. ¶ On July 26, 1933, Pedro Altamirano, who was Augusto C. Sandino’s chief general, was reported to have been assassinated by unidentified enemies a few days earlier near Bocay in the Department of Jinotega. ¶ In the northern departments General Altamirano’s physical prowess caused him to be feared even more than was General Sandino. It was his habit to slay his enemies with hacks of the machete, termed by him “corte de chaleco,” using three strokes, one on the back of the head and the others on each side of the neck, roughly outlining the form of a coat collar. ¶ Altamirano had been sought by United States Marines for five years, but always had escaped. He is the last and most ferocious of the bandit chiefs who had joined Sandino in 1927-28 and was a bad man and killer from his youth. His band numbered from 75 to 150 men. ¶ PEDRÓN - (Pedro Altamirano), el cual según las bases propuestas por Sandino, sería el jefe del único ejército de Nicaragua, formado por las actuales tropas sandinistas. Según Sandino, ese ejército será el encargado de 'mantener el completo orden en la República'."

17.  May 25, 1933.  G-2 Report on Current Situation, Alex A. Cohen, Clerk in charge of office in the absence of the Military Attaché, San José.    "G-2 Report ¶ 3,020-b ¶ NICARAGUA (Political) ¶ Subject: Stability of Present Administration. ¶ Current Situation. ¶ With further reference to Major Harris’ report No. 2,043 on the above subject, forwarded by this pouch, the following information on the Nicaraguan situation has been gathered by the undersigned during the past eight days. ¶ A persistent rumor has reached Honduras from Nicaragua to the effect that Vice President Espinoza has secretly allied himself with Sandino – against President Sacasa. ¶ Regarding the statement made in Par. 1 of report No. 2,040, May 19, 1933 from this office, regarding Sandino not having turned in all his arms; the following figures, published in “La Tribuna” of San José, under date of May 21st, appear to bear out this assertion. ¶ 1. Arms turned in by Sandino. ¶ 21 Machine guns ¶ 345 Rifles of various makes ¶ 2,129 rounds of ammunition ¶ 2. Arms left with Sandino’s police force of 100 men ¶ 15 Machine guns ¶ 82 Rifles ¶ 3. Arms left with Sandino’s personal bodyguard ¶ 4 Machine guns ¶ 12 Rifles ¶ All of the 2,129 rounds of ammunition were divided between Sandino’s police force and his bodyguard. In other words, the arms which actually were turned in to the government consisted of: ¶ 3 Machine guns ¶ 251 Rifles ¶ At least one cache of rifles, machine guns and telegraph apparatus has been found during the past few weeks by national guard patrols in the Segovias. ¶ Another informant stated that if and when a blow-up occurs in Nicaragua, it will be entirely within the Liberal Party itself, with the Conservatives watching from the sidelines in silent glee. ¶ Sources: Various. ¶ IN THE ABSENCE OF THE MILITARY ATTACHÉ: ¶ Alex A. Cohen, ¶ Clerk, in charge of office. ¶ From: M. A. Costa Rica ¶ Report No. 2,051 ¶ Date: May 25, 1933."

18.  March 30, 1933.  G-2 Report on Juan Altamirano, Major A. R. Harris, Military Attaché, San José.   "Here is Colonel Juan Altamirano, reported executed by Sandino for refusal to obey orders, but actually only shot in the arm. He is at present alive and 'kicking' at San Rafael del Norte, Nicaragua."  Caption of press clipping, n.d.:  "El coronel sandinista JUAN ALTAMIRANO, a quien Sandino mandó a fusilar, pero el cual quedó vivo después de la fusilación porque la bala solamente le hirió un brazo.  Se dice que el pelotón sandinista encargado de la ejecución apuntó mal deliberamente para no cumplir la orden de Sandino.  El coronel Altamirano, está vive en San Rafael del Norte." 

19.  ca. March 1933, Press clipping, n.d. "El coronel sandinista JUAN ALTAMIRANO."

20.  March 23, 1933.  G-2 Report, "Sandino Establishes Cooperative among his Men," Major A. R. Harris, Military Attaché, San José, p. 1.   "G-2 Report. ¶ 2,700. ¶ NICARAGUA (Population & Social) ¶ Subject: Public Order & Safety. ¶ Sandino Establishes Cooperative among his Men. ¶ The following advertisement was published in the Nicaraguan Press at the request of Sandino. It would seem to indicate that Sandino is serious in keeping peace and is intelligently planning to open up the country which he proposes to colonize with his old followers. By river traffic and roads he can open up an unofficial “Sandino Kingdom” extending East and South of the Coco River and embracing most of the Departments of Jinotega, Cabo Gracias, Prinzapolka, Rio Grande and a part of Bluefields. All of these Departments are so sparsely settled that they would lend themselves imminently to the establishment of the “Cooperativa” which Sandino mentions. ¶ “TO THE MERCHANTS OF THE COUNTRY. ¶ “We take pleasure in advising the merchants of the Segovias and of the Atlantic Coast that by the first of April we will have established a rapid service of boats and pitpans between Santa Cruz de Jinotega and Cabo Gracias a Dios on the Coco River. ¶ “Our cooperative association offers every guarantee with regards to efficiency of the service and the life of passengers. The road from Jinotega to Santa Cruz is already being repaired and the opening of a first class road in being planned. ¶ “We request the National Press to publish this announcement. Country and Liberty.” ¶ (s) Augusto C. Sandino.” ¶ Source: “La Noticia” ¶ Encl. (Outline Map) ¶ A. R. Harris, ¶ Major, G. S., M. A. ¶ From: M. A. Costa Rica ¶ Report No. 1,989 ¶ Date: March 23, 1933."

21.  March 23, 1933.  G-2 Report, "Sandino Establishes Cooperative among his Men," sketch map enclosure, Major A. R. Harris, Military Attaché, San José, p. 2.  "Area shaded in red shows approximate zone of 'Sandino influence'."

22.  April-May 1933.  Press clippings.  "Sandino Disillusioned By Sacasa, Sayss [Says] Agent ¶ Government Accused of Ignoring Its Peace Pledges ¶ MEXICO CITY, April 27 (UP).—Dr. Pedro Jose Zepeda, foreign representative of General Cesar Agusto Sandino, charged in an interview here today that President Juan B. Sacasa of Nicaragua has so far failed to carry out the program of financial reform which Sandino relied upon seeing effected when he disbanded his army early this year. ¶ The President’s inactivity, Dr. Zepeda declared, has dampened the high hopes with which the peace pact was signed on February 2. ¶ “While General Sandino scrupulously performs his obligations under the pact, devoting himself entirely to the development of the agricultural community along the Cocos River [Coco River], the Managua government is idle, its program apparently neglected,” Dr. Zepeda stated. He pointed out that President Sacasa was to have taken steps toward repossession of the Nicaraguan railways and other measures for the purpose of restoring Nicaragua’s control over banks and customs houses. ¶ Dr. Zepeda said that General Sandino had no intention of resuming his insurrectionist activities because of the government’s failure to fulfill the peace agreement. ¶ Americans Manage Railways ¶ Dispatches describing the peace terms signed by Sandino and Sacasa on February 2, a month after the last United States Marines had been withdrawn from Nicaragua, made no mention of railways, banks or customs houses. The Pacific Railway, 159 miles in length, Nicaragua’s principal railway, is government property, but is managed by an American corporation. ¶ SANDINO PLANS NEW PARTY ¶ He and Ex-President Will Form a Labor Group in Nicaragua. ¶ By Tropical Radio to THE NEW YORK TIMES. ¶ MANAGUA, Nicaragua, April 28.—The press announced today that General Augusto Sandino and former President Bartolome Martinez were planning to form a new political party called the National Labor party. ¶ The government has sent General Sandino, the former rebel leader, a large quantity of foodstuffs for his former soldiers who are engaged in agriculture and placer mining at Bocay on the Coco River. ¶ Sandino Explains Truce ¶ Made Peace With Sacas ato [Sacasa to] Prevent Return of Marines, He Says  ¶ By Cable to the Herald Tribune ¶ Copyright, 1933, New York Tribune Inc. ¶ MEXICO CITY, May 2.—General Cesar Agusto Sandino signed his recent peace treaty with President Juan B. Sacasa of Nicaragua, not because he was politically in accord with the Managua administration, but in order to “prevent another foreign invasion”—that is, the return of the United States marines, according to a statement published here today over Sandino’s signature. ¶ “I am not affiliated with the present government,” Sandino is quoted as asserting. “I signed the peace pact to avoid a return of the armed intervention which had just been withdrawn. ¶ “Our government is not yet autonomous, because a political and economic intervention still exists, and it should be noted that the military components of the country who operated in alliance with th einvaders [the invaders] continue to be our enemies.” ¶ Sandino and Sacasa Confer; Ex-Rebels Gain as Farmers ¶ Wireless to THE NEW YORK TIMES. ¶ MANAGUA, Nicaragua, May 20.—The former rebel leader, General Augusto Sandino, who is now supervising the agricultural colony at Bocay, arrived in Managua yesterday with his father to confer with President Sacasa regarding the interpretation of the peace pacts signed in February. ¶ This visit is the first time General Sandino has been in Managua since February. ¶ He seemed satisfied with the progress of his “muchachos,” or former rebel soldiers, who are now engaged in clearing land and planting crops. ¶ SANDINO DECRIES COUNTRY’S STATUS ¶ Says Intervention, Political and Economic, Exists in Nicaragua. ¶ By the Associated Press. ¶ SAN SALVADOR, El Salvador, May 23.—Gen. Augusto Sandino, called both patriot and bandit during his years of insurgence against American administrative activities in Nicaragua, was quoted in El Diario Latino yesterday as saying, “Economic and political intervention in Nicaragua has not disappeared.” ¶ Sandino made good his oft-repeated promise by laying down his arms when the last American Marines left Nicaragua in January and entering into a peace agreement with the new Nicaraguan government at that time. ¶ In a letter published in the newspaper here, Sandino said President Sacasa of Nicaragua is “himself a witness to the fact that economic and political intervention in Nicaragua has not disappeared, which makes it impossible for us to say Nicaragua enjoys absolute autonomy.” ¶ Among other things, Sandino said: ¶ “My temperament is that of a dictator, and I would be a terrible, but generous dictator.” ¶ Dr. Pedro Zepeda, Sandino’s Mexican representative, said recently that Sandino’s followers were disappointed because President Sacasa had not kept alleged promises he made when the Sandino army laid down its arms. ¶ He said that the return of customs houses and railroads and other economic measures had been pledged, but that President Sacasa was handicapped by a bad situation left by his predecessors. ¶ The Sandinistas have no intention of embarrassing the government and will give the President more time, Dr. Zepeda said. ¶ SANDINO RETURNS TO POST ¶ Ex-Rebel Says He Will Continue to Form New Nicaraguan Party. ¶ Wireless to THE NEW YORK TIMES. ¶ MANAGUA, Nicaragua, May 23.—General Augusto Sandino, former rebel chieftain who now is the leader of an agricultural colony on the Coco River, returned to Bocay yesterday. ¶ In a statement to the press before leaving Managua he announced that, while President Sacasa considered his formation of a new party inopportune, he would continue his efforts. He said he would continue to give President Sacasa moral support."

23.  March 1, 1933.  G-2 Report on Current Situation, Major A. R. Harris, Military Attaché, San José.    "The Nicaraguan Congress has voted $120,000.00 towards the cost of the Sandino pacification.  This money is to be used principally in connection with clothing and feeding the bandits after they turn in their arms at San Rafael del Norte.  Up to February 16, 625 bandits had turned in their arms. In addition to this number, 100 Sandinistas had been formed into a military organization, and given Guardia uniforms and shoes.  A press dispatch stated dthat Sandino had executed two of his former chiefs, Colonel Altamirano (no relation to the redoubtable Pedrón) and Captain Olivares, for insubordination.  The Nicaraguan Congress has included in its amnesty the Nicaraguan lieutenant Gonzáles and his companions who murdered an American Guardia officer in his sleep, and fled from the country.  Congress has also decided to grant Sandino the official title of 'General'.  During the discussion one of the deputies called Sandino 'the most glorious figure of the 20th century.'  On February 13th, at a place called El Arraján, 25 Guardia troops had a successful engagement with 200 Sandinistas. The Sandinistas were defeated and dispersed.  On February 11, General Somoza, commander of the Guardia Nacional announced that the strength of the Guardia Nacional was as follows:  Officers: 230.  Enlisted: 2436.  Auxiliaries: 1489.  Total: 4123.  He stated that the average cost per man for this force was $28.16.  This included all expenses connected with the military establishment.  1,000 employees of the Bragman's Bluff Lumber Co., working on the banana plantations, are on strike for higher wages. A Guardia detachment has been dispatched to the scene of the strike to preserve order.  Source: Press."

24.  February 17, 1933.   G-2 Translation of article in La Noticia, Managua (Feb 4), Naval Attaché, Tegucigalpa, p. 1.  "THE CONVENTION OF PEACE WITH AUGUSTO C. SANDINO: ¶ Salvador Calderon Ramirez, Pedro J. Zepeda, Horacio Portocarrero and Escolastico Lara, Representatives of General Augusto C. Sandino; and David Stadthagen and Crisanto Sacasa, representatives of the Conservative and Liberal Nationalist parties, respectively, openly agreed to the necessity of peace in the Republic, have convened in the following harmonious agreement, which tends to cement the sincere love inspired by the welfare of Nicaragua and those high sentiments of honor to which the undersigned render hommage [homage]. ¶ STATEMENT OF SANDINO’S REPRESENTATIVES AND THAT OF THE PARTIES: ¶ 1. The representatives of General Augusto C. Sandino declared, before all, that the mission which he and his army undertook was to assure the liberty of the Fatherland; and for that reason, at the present time they wish to state in the name of the one they represent, his absolute lack of personal interest and irrevocable resolution not to demand nor accept anything which might restrict the motives and movements of his private life. He therefore wants to set down as a principle or immobile base that he aspires to neither glory nor material benefits. ¶ In view of the preceeding [preceding] manifestations of elevated disinterest the representatives of the conservative and liberal nationalist parties rendered hommage [homage] to the noble and patriotic attitude of the referred to General Sandino. ¶ STATEMENT OF SANDINO: ¶ 2. General Augusto C. Sandino, through his delegates and the representatives of both parties, stated: that in virtue of the desoccupation of the national territory by the forces of foreigners, a new era of renovation of the fundamentals of our public existence is undoubtedly opened; that, disciplined by a painful experience, he considers it an imperative duty to fortify the collective sentiment of autonomy which with unanimous enthusiasm moves all the Nicaraguans. To the end of increasing such a noble tendency, those signing the present pact agree to designate as a capital point in their political programs the respect of the Consitution [Constitution] and fundamental laws of the Republic, and to maintain by all rational means which are adecuate [adequate] and justified, the resplendishment in all its abundance of the soverignty [sovereignty], political independence and economy of Nicaragua. ¶ (Continued on PAGE TWO------- . . . "

25.  February 17, 1933.   G-2 Translation of article in La Noticia, Managua (Feb 4), Naval Attaché, Tegucigalpa, p. 2.  " . . . DEDICATION TO WORK AND ABANDON OF THEIR ARMS: ¶ 3. The delegates of General Sandino and the parties recognize the benefits of cementing in a practical manner the peace of all the territory of the Republic, by means of the earnest dedication to work of all the men now soldiering under the command of General Augusto C. Sandino and the same time the gradual abandon of their arms. To secure by a sure means the normalization of the life of these men in the activities of work under the guarantees of law and of the constituted authorities, the following means have been adopted: ¶ AMNESTY: ¶ (a) The Executive power will present to the National Congress a project to grant amnesty for political offences and civil ofences [offences] committed in the period elapsed from 4 May 1927 until the date of today which will be enjoyed by all the individuals of the army of General Sandino who within fifteen days of the promulgation of such decree deposit their arms and equally so all those who with the direct authorization of General Sandino promise to deposit their arms within threemonths [three months], including in the benefits of the amnesty one hundred persons of the aforementioned army who may conserve their arms temporarily for the vigilance of the zone of free land in which they will be permitted to farm and work, all of whom shall have belonged to said army. ¶ (b) To represent the administrative and military authority of the Government of the Republic in the Departments of the North, comprising especially the zone destined to the work of the individuals of the army of General Sandino and also to receive theirs [their?] arms by degrees, the Executive power will appoint as its delegate Don Sofonías Salvatierra to whom General Sandino will deliver within the twenty days from this date, not less than twenty-five percent of the arms of any kind which his army possesses. ¶ THE ZONE WHICH WILL BE ALLOTED [ALLOTTED] THEM: ¶ (c) The zone of free land to be destined for the labor and to which subparagraph (a) of this decree refers, should be located with sufficient amplitude in the valley of the Coco (or Segovia) river, or in the region agreed to by the Government and General Sandino; this zone should be at least ten leagues (30 miles) distant from the towns in which there is actually a municipal regime. ¶ (Continued on PAGE THREE--- . . . "

26.  February 17, 1933.   G-2 Translation of article in La Noticia, Managua (Feb 4), Naval Attaché, Tegucigalpa, p. 3.  " . . . GUARD OF ONE HUNDRED SANDINISTAS CHOSEN: ¶ (d) The chiefs of the guard of one hundred armed men which will be permitted to exist, will be appointed by the Government as auxiliaries in emergency, chosing [choosing] them in accordance with the recommendations of General Sandino from among the more capacitated of his army; but if after one year from the promulgation of this decree of amnesty it should become convenient, in the judgement [judgment] of the Government, to maintain said guard of one hundred armed men or a smaller number, the appointment of the respective chiefs will fall directly upon the President of the Republic. ¶ PUBLIC WORKS IN THE SEGOVIAS: ¶ (e) The Government will maintain in all the Republic and especially in the Departments of the North, for the minimum period of one year, projects for public labor in which they will enjoy preferably the individuals of the army of General Sandino who should request work, and who submit to the ordinary regime established in those works. ¶ THE HOSTILITIES CONCLUDED: ¶ 4. By the act of signing this agreement all form of hostilities will cease between the two parties to this document, i.e., the Constitutional Government presided by Dr. Juan B. Sacasa and the forces of General Augusto C. Sandino, for immediate and supreme guarantees of lives and properties of the nicaraguans [Nicaraguans]; and once becoming definitely effective this pact on approval by General Sandino and by the acceptance of the President of the Republic, all the followers of General Sandino will come under the guarantees of the constituted authorities and as a consequence obligated to cooperate in conserving the public order. ¶ 5. To facilitate the disarming of the forces of General Sandino and to offer a provisional retreat for them the town of San Rafael del Norte is designated, General Sandino being responsible for maintaining order during the time which the Government judges convenient. ¶ (Continued on PAGE FOUR------ . . . "

27.  February 17, 1933.   G-2 Translation of article in La Noticia, Managua (Feb 4), Naval Attaché, Tegucigalpa, p. 4.  " . . . APPROVAL: ¶ In good faith of that treated the two parties thereto do sign hereby in the city of Managua, on the second day of February of the year nineteen hundred and thrity [thirty] three. ¶ (Between the lines) For General Sandino: ¶ S. Calderon R.--Pedro José Zepeda--H. Portocarrero--D. Stadthagen--Crisanto Sacasa. ¶ ACCEPTANCE BY SANDINO: ¶ Approved and ratified in all its parts, ¶ Managua, National District, 2 February 1933,- A. C. Sandino. ¶ ACCEPTANCE BY THE PRESIDENT OF THE REPUBLIC: ¶ Accepted in all its parts. ¶ Managua, National District, 2 February 1933,- Juan B. Sacasa."

28.  February 1933.  Press Clippings.  "PRESIDENT OF NICARAGUA EMBRACES SANDINO. ¶ Associated Press Photo. ¶ Cordial Greetings Mark the Signing of Peace Pact on Feb. 2, Ending Hostilities Which Had Persisted for Several Years. ¶ 1,800 SANDINISTAS GATHER TO GIVE UP ¶ Nicaraguan Rebels Seize Many Cattle, but Sandino Orders Return to Owners. ¶ 100 MEN TO KEEP ARMS ¶ Balance Will Be Turned Over to Government in Three Months—Border Patrol in Clash. ¶ Special Cable to THE NEW YORK TIMES. ¶ MANAGUA, Nicaragua, Feb. 7.—About 1,800 Sandinistas have already gathered in San Rafael del Norte to lay down their arms in accordance with the peace terms reached with their leader, General Agusto Sandino, it is reported here. ¶ Among them are several rebel Generals, it is said, including Generals Unmanzor [Umanzor], Gomez, Morales, Peralta, Estrada, Irias and others whose names are not given. One known as Pedron or “Big Peter” is said not to be there. According to a rumor here Pedron was bathed in tears during General Sandino’s absence in the capital from his men, fearing his chief would be a victim of foul play. No one here, however, can imagine Pedron in tears. ¶ Rebels led by Pedron are declared to have rounded up many head of cattle, but General Sandino is said to have ordered the animals returned to their owners at once, and to have directed his men not to interfere any more on coffee plantations. ¶ The Sandinistas are expected to turn in one-fourth of their arms very soon and the balance, except weapons for 100 men, within three months. Pending the execution of the peace agreement in this respect, General Sandino will represent the Nicaraguan Government at San Rafael del Norte. ¶ National Guard troops have been removed from San Rafael del Norte to reduce the danger of a clash. ¶ A National Guard patrol, it was learned today, was attacked Saturday at Jicomico, near the Honduran border, by a band of about 200 Honduran rebels. The Guards are said to have killed three, captured thirteen, and wounded many of the revolutionists in the clash that followed, in which the patrol was victorious. ¶ SANDINISTAS WARNED TO MEET PEACE MOVE ¶ General Will Help Guard Pursue Former Nicaraguan Followers Unless Arms Are Given Up. ¶ Special Cable to THE NEW YORK TIMES. ¶ MANAGUA, Nicaragua, Feb. 8.—Any groups of Sandinistas failing to comply with orders of General Augusto Sandino to report at San Rafael del Norte, complying with peace terms by giving up their arms, will be pursued by the National Guard with the full cooperation of General Sandino, it was said today. ¶ A report that Sandino’s army of about 3,200 men is largely unarmed except for machetes is unconfirmed. ¶ The government had paid high official honor to General Reina, who was killed in an airplane accident. ¶ Reorganizing of the police of Managua under control of the National Guard is under way and will later be extended to all other cities. ¶ Small rebel groups are still assassinating, mutilating and robbing, but after the Sandino peace arrangements are complete this will not last long, the press says. ¶ Terms of Peace Contract In Nicaragua Announced ¶ The terms of the new peace agreement between Augusto Sandino and the Nicaraguan Government have been transmitted to the Department of State Feb. 4. An announcement by the Department of State follows in full text: ¶ The American Minister at Nicaragua, Mr. Matthew Hanna, has informed the Department of State that a peace agreement was signed in Managua on the night of Feb. 2, by Sandino and accepted by President Sacasa. The agreement provides for the immediate cessation of hostilities on the basis of complete amnesty; the immediate partial disarmament of Sandino’s forces, to be completed at the end of three months, excepting 100 men for the preservation or order temporarily in the region along the Coco River where Sandino’s followers will be permitted to settle on public lands. ¶ The officers of these forces will be named by Sandino and appointed by the government as “emergency auxiliaries.” The agreement also provides for the inauguration of a program of public works to give employment to Sandino’s followers for one year. ¶ Minister Hanna also reported that President Sacasa and a number of members of his Government with whom Mr. Hanna talked on Feb. 3 seemed pleased with the outcome of the negotiations. Minister Hanna made known to President Sacasa his gratification that President Sacasa had reached an agrement [agreement] in the matter satisfactory to his government. ¶ Ambassador J. Reuben Clark Jr. reported to the Department of State that the Minister for Foreign Affairs of Mexico had sent a message on Feb. 4 to President Sacasa, of Nicaragua, which was intended to be the equivalent of recognition of the new Nicaraguan government and to be the initial step toward the resumption of diplomatic relations between Mexico and Nicaragua. (Issued by the Department of State.) ¶ FORCES OF SANDINO ACCEPT PEACE PACT ¶ Arms Will Be Exchanged for Farm Implements at Nicaraguan Meeting Place Today. ¶ MANAGUA, Nicaragua, Feb. 6 (AP).—The followers of General Augusto Sandino have agreed to comply with a peace settlement reached last week with President Sacasa, said a statement issued today by a member of a commission empowered by General Sandino to carry on preliminary negotiations. ¶ The statement, issued by Dr. Pedro Jose Zepeda, said that after leaving Managua General Sandino went to his headquarters in the mountains, where his officers and soldiers “unanimously accepted” the agreement. ¶ Dr. Zepeda said General Sandino intended to go tomorrow to San Rafael del Norte, where his troops will begin laying down their arms. In preparation for the laying down of arms by the Sandino forces the government is purchasing farming implements and supplies for them. ¶ Special to THE NEW YORK TIMES. ¶ WASHINGTON, Feb. 6.—Secretary Stimson and Foreign Minister Arguello of Nicaragua have exchanged congratulations on the peace settlement made with General Sandino. ¶ J. Reuben Clark Jr., United States Ambassador at Mexico City, today reported that Mexico had extended recognition to Nicaragua and intended to resume diplomatic relations, which were severed after charges had been made that Mexico was aiding General Sandino."

29.  February 1933.  Press Clippings.  "SANDINO MEN SURRENDER. ¶ Nicaraguan Agriculture Minister to Officiate at Disarming. ¶ MANAGUA, Nicaragua, Feb. 9 (AP).—General Augusto Sandino, who last week agreed to make peace with the rest of the country, today sent a message to President Sacasa saying he has concentrated 1,000 of his men at San Rafael del Norte, ready to lay down their arms in keeping with the agreement. ¶ Sofonias Salvatierra, Nicaraguan Minister of Agriculture, who participated in conferences which led to the Liberal General’s decision, was expected to arrive at San Rafael del Norte with a delegation today to officiate at the disarming. ¶ Government reports said scattered Sandino patrols were coming down from the mountains and surrendering to authorities in the northern part of the country. ¶ Sandino Executes 2 Officers As Rebels and Warns Others ¶ Special Cable to THE NEW YORK TIMES. ¶ MANAGUA, Nicaragua, Feb. 10.—The press here reports that General Augusto Sandino has executed Colonel Juan Altamirano and Captain Francisco Olivares before a firing squad at San Rafael del Norte for insubordination. ¶ Socrates Sandino, a brother of the General then harangued the Sandinistas, telling them they must preserve law and order and comply with the terms of the agreement between General Sandino and President Sacasa. There are about a thousand Sandinista troops at San Rafael del Norte. ¶ The government has sent the first instalment of clothing and agricultural implements to be used in disbanding the rebels. ¶ Colonel Juan Altamirano was a brother of General Pedron Altamirano, known as “Big Peter.” ¶ Sandino Orders Two Rebel Chiefs Executed ¶ Managua, Nicaragua, Feb. 10 (A.P.). Augusto Sandino, the insurgent leader who concluded a peace pact with the government last week, has ordered the execution of two of his officers for failure to conform to that pact, the newspaper La Noticias said today. ¶ The newspaper’s correspondent at San Rafael Del Norte, where Sandino has concentrated his men for demobilization, said the sentence was passed upon Col. Juan Altamirano and Capt. Francisco Olivas. Details of their offense were not given."

30.  February 11, 1933.  G-2 Report on "Manifestos of Sandino After His Signing of the Peace Treaty with President Sacasa," Naval Attaché, Tegucigalpa, p. 1.    "Shortly after his return to San Rafael del Norte from the conference in Managua on February 2nd, General Sandino forwarded two manifestos to Managua; one to the newspapers and one to his delegates at the preliminary conference. Translation of these articles follows: ¶ “MESSAGE OF GENERAL SANDINO TO THE NEWSPAPERS: ¶ ‘Brothers: Our work of national fraternization would remain incomplete if at this hour of a new life for Nicaragua we left some of the live forces of the nation scattered. Therefore, since the second of the current month, day on which the treaty of peace of Nicaragua was signed in the Presidential Palace of Managua, terminating on our part for ever the differences between brothers to see in every Nicaraguan a bit of national love. Everyone knows that the army commanded by the undersigned has with good result fought for seven years against the armed intervention and the party tendencies of Nicaragua which aided the intervention and thus for this reason in its notices placed the responsibility for the tragedies of Nicaragua on General Jose Maria Moncada, Don Adolfo Diaz, Dr. Carlos Cuadra Pasos and General Emiliano Chamorro; nevertheless, happily for Nicaragua, by the work of destiny a new life has arisen embracing fraternity and as a sign of national reconciliation the four brothers mentioned above are also included. Nicaragua sweetly begs for greater union and national love on the part of her sons. ¶ ‘It is hoped that in the future when electing a mandate of the country all national tendencies will launch their candidate so that among the candidates of the distinct tendencies there will arise a single candidate for the National Government who upon assuming power will not have adversaries and all the Nicaraguans as one individual will cooperate with him in the general bettering of the beloved fatherland.’ ¶ ‘Temporary Headquarters of the Defensive Army of the National Soverignty [Sovereignty] of Nicaragua, Segovia, Nicaragua, February 5, 1933. ¶ ‘FATHERLAND AND LIBERTY --- Agusto C. Sandino.’” ¶ “THE MESSAGE TO HIS DELEGATES: ¶ ‘Temporary Headquarters of the Defensive Army of the National Soverignty [Sovereignty] of Nicaragua,- Guadalupe Farm, February 4, 1933. ¶ To the gentlemen members of the Peace Commission: Don Salvador Calderon Ramirez, Dr. Pedro J. Zepeda, General Horacio Portocarrero and Dr. Escolastico Lara: ¶ (Continued on PAGE TWO--- . . . "

31.  February 11, 1933.  G-2 Report on "Manifestos of Sandino After His Signing of the Peace Treaty with President Sacasa," Naval Attaché, Tegucigalpa, p. 2.  " . . . ‘My dear brothers: The armed struggle which our Army has carried on during seven cruel years to sustain the ideal of our soverignty [sovereignty] and independence which was enfringed [infringed] upon by the presence of foreign soldiers in our territory during twenty broken years interferring [interfering] with our internal affairs, has been ended honorably and satisfactorily for the country. It is pleasing to me and to you who have stood by me at the solemn instant when my trip to the capital to converse with Dr. Juan Bautista Sacasa was decided, to whom I expounded clearly the problem and who when he understood our patriotic ideal, apart from individual interests, knew how to interpret them by celebrating the treaty which you know, a historic document, transcendental and closes the period of struggle, opening an era of tranquility and public welfare. ¶ ‘Opportunely, when the reconcentration of our forces at San Rafael del Norte is completed, I will publish a manifestation containing all the details and explanations pertinent to the document to which I allude. ¶ ‘In writing to you I render you my most fervent thanks for your efficacy the same as your patriotic services and always count on the esteem and friendship of your partisan and brother. ¶ ‘FATHERLAND AND LIBERTY --- Augusto C. Sandino’"

32.  February 10, 1933.  G-2 Report "Pacification of Nicaragua — Reception of Sandino in Managua by President Sacasa and the Public In General," Naval Attaché, Tegucigalpa, p. 1.   "The first steps toward the pacification of Nicaragua were taken by the parents of Sandino who, around the middle of the month of January 1933, came to Managua and arranged a conference with Sofonías Salvatierra, Minister of Agriculture in Sacasa’s cabinet. The outcome of this conference was a trip made by Mr. Salvatierra accompanied by the parents of Sandino to San Rafael del Norte and thence to the bandit encampment. Here a conference was held with Sandino in person in which both Salvatierra and Sandino signed an armistice for a period of fifteen days. At the same time Sandino named the ones whom he chose as his delegates, forwarding his instructions to them, to meet three delegates of the government in Managua to arrange the preliminaries for treaty between Sandino’s forces and the government for the pacification of Nicaragua. As a result of this conference the three delegates of the government proceeded to San Rafael del Norte and conferred with Sandino in person, expounding to him the terms Sacasa offered. Sandino accepted and made his plans to proceed in person to Managua to complete the treaty with President Sacasa. ¶ On 2 February 1933 Sandino arrived by plane in Managua. When he was received by President Sacasa, Sandino addressed him in the following manner: “I, Doctor Sacasa, come now to make peace. While a single tendon of the foreigners clung to my land, without other right than the gross right of the strong over the weak, I clung to the rebel rifle with a handful of valiant soldiers in the crude mountains of Segovia. But today, as no foreign flag blemishes our sky, I come to you with my heart in my hands, full of faith, to tell you that we, the rebels of the autonomist army, have a great love for all that pertains to Nicaragua, and for her liberty we have fought, suffered hunger and great hardships in the mountains of the north--That an unbreakable faith has maintained us always virile before the army of the foreigners, and now that we have fulfilled our mission of destiny pointed out to us by the finger of God of all nations, we want peace. For us, in Nicaragua there are neither Liberals nor Conservatives, only Nicaraguans, free citizens of our beloved fatherland, desirous of living a life of peace and labor”. ¶ After a brief pause he continued as follows: “Here I am. I come to sign an unconditional peace. For ourselves we ask nothing and accept nothing, only for Nicaragua we ask and demand Peace and Liberty. ¶ Dr. Sacasa made no reply other than to embrace him and assured him that without difficulty, if there was a will, the matter could be happily closed. . . . "

33.  February 10, 1933.  G-2 Report "Pacification of Nicaragua — Reception of Sandino in Managua by President Sacasa and the Public In General," Naval Attaché, Tegucigalpa, p. 2.   " . . . A conference was then held in which a treaty was drawn up and signed by President Sacasa on behalf of the government and by Sandino on behalf of the bandit forces. During the conference a large crowd formed in the streets and shouted with great enthusiasm: “Live the Patriotism”, “Live General Sandino”, “Live President Sacasa”. When the conference ended and the treaty was signed the first to embrace were President Sacasa and Sandino. The crowd waxed hilarious and shouted: “Peace, Peace, Live Nicaragua, Let Peace Reign”: ¶ A manifestation formed in the streets which paraded headed by the Presidential guard band and many of the leading citizens including the daughter of President Sacasa."

34.  February 8, 1933.  G-2 Report on Peace Treaty Between Sandino and the Nicaraguan Government, Major A. R. Harris, Military Attaché, San José, p. 1.   "G-2 Report. ¶ 2,700 ¶ NICARAGUA (Population & Social) ¶ Subject: Public Order and Safety. ¶ Peace Treaty between Sandino and Nicaraguan Government. ¶ On February 7th the Costa Rican press published, without comment, the “Treaty of Peace” concluded by Sandino with the Nicaraguan Government. The terms of the treaty are as follows: ¶ “Salvador Calderón Ramírez, Pedro J. Zepeda, Horacio Portocarrero and Escolástico Lara, representatives of General Augusto C. Sandino and David Stadthagen and Crisanto Sacasa, representatives respectively of the conservative and liberal-nationalist parties, fully convinced of the urgent necessity of peace within the republic, have reached the following agreement. The signers have been motivated in their actions by the sincere love with which the future of Nicaragua inspires them and by high sentiments of honor. ¶ “1. The representatives of General Augusto C. Sandino declare, above all, that the campaign of the latter and his army has been in favor of liberty for the country; and consequently, at the present moment, desire to state in the name of the one they represent, his complete lack of personal interest and his irrevocable resolution of neither requesting nor accepting anything which might detract from the motives and causes of his public conduct. He wishes therefore, to lay down as a principle, or unchangeable basis, the fact that he does not aspire to any lucrative or material advantages. ¶ “In view of the foregoing statement of disinterest, the representatives of the conservative and nationalist-liberal party render homage to the noble and patriotic attitude of General Sandino. ¶ “2. General August C. Sandino, through his delegates and the representatives of both parties declares: that in view of the withdrawal of foreign forces from the national territory, undoubtedly an era of fundamental renovation in our public existence is about to commence; that this event is of vital transcendency in our national destiny and that, disciplined by painful experiences, he considers it an imperative duty to fortify the collective sentiment of autonomy which moves Nicaraguans with unanimous enthusiasm. And for the purpose of accentuating this noble tendency, those signing the present pact agree to outline as a capital point in their political programs, respect of the constitution and fundamental laws of the republic; and to maintain by all rational, adequate and judicial means, and in all its plenitude the resplendence of the political and economic sovereignty and independence of Nicaragua. ¶ “3. The delegates of General Sandino and of the parties recognize the convenience of cementing the peace within the republic in a practical manner, through the means of fruitful dedication to labor of the men who rallied around General Augusto C. Sandino and in the same manner through the gradual laying down of their arms. In order to attain for sure the normal course of existence of these men in the activities of labor under the protection of the laws and of the constitutional authorities, the following measures will be adopted: ¶ From: M. A. Costa Rica ¶ Report No. 1,942 ¶ Date: February 8, 1933. . . . "

35.  February 8, 1933.  G-2 Report on Peace Treaty Between Sandino and the Nicaraguan Government, Major A. R. Harris, Military Attaché, San José, p. 2.   " . . . G-2 Report. ¶ 2,700. ¶ “(a) The Executive will present to the National Congress a proposal for ample amnesty for political offenses, and common ones in connection therewith, committed in the period between the 4th of May of 1927 until this date. This will be extended to all those members of the army of General Sandino who, within fifteen days from the promulgation of the said decree may deposit their arms and likewise all those who with the authorization of General Sandino himself promise to deposit them within three months. In the aforementioned group will be included one hundred persons of the army mentioned who may temporarily retain their arms for the purpose of policing the zone of public lands on which all those who belonged to the said army have a right to settle. ¶ “(b) The Executive will appoint as his delegate don Sofonías Salvatierra for the purpose of representing the administrative and military authorities of the Government in the western departments and more especially the zone set apart for the members of General Sandino’s army and also for the purpose of gradually receiving their arms. General Sandino will turn over to him within twenty days from this date not less than 25 per cent of all classes of arms in possession of his army. ¶ “(c) The zone of public lands set aside for cultivation referred to in insert (a) of this agreement shall be laid out in sufficient extension in the valley of the Coco or Segovia river or in such region as may be agreed upon between Congress and General Sandino. This zone must remain not less than ten leagues (approximately 30 miles) distant from towns where municipal authorities actually exist. ¶ “(d) The officers of the guard of one hundred armed men, the retention of which is permitted, will be appointed by the Government as emergency auxiliaries. They will be selected in agreement with General Sandino from among capable members of his army; but, if after one year from date of promulgation of the amnesty decree it be convenient in the judgement [judgment] of the Government to maintain the aforesaid guard of one hundred armed men or a lesser number, the appointment of their respective officers will be a prerogative of the President of the Republic. ¶ “(e) The Government shall maintain in the entire republic and especially in the northern departments, for a minimum period of one year, public works in which preferential employment will be granted to such members of the army of General Sandino as may request it and are willing to abide by ordinary rules established for these works. ¶ “4. The fact of the signing of this agreement will cause a cessation of all forms of hostilities between the forces of both parties, that is to say, the Constitutional Government presided over by Dr. Juan B. Sacasa and those of General Augusto C. Sandino, as an immediate guarantee of life and property of Nicaraguans. Once this agreement is definitely signed with the approval of General Sandino and by acceptance by the President of the Republic, all of the force of General Sandino will come under the protection of the constitutional authorities and in consequence is obliged to cooperate in the maintenance of public order. ¶ From: M. A. Costa Rica ¶ Report No. 1,942 ¶ Date: February 8, 1933. . . . "

36.  February 8, 1933.  G-2 Report on Peace Treaty Between Sandino and the Nicaraguan Government, Major A. R. Harris, Military Attaché, San José, p. 3.   " . . . G-2 Report. ¶ 2,700. ¶ “5. To facilitate the disarmament of the forces of General Sandino and in order to give them provisional shelter, the town of San Rafael del Norte is designated. General Sandino himself will take charge of the maintenance of order during such time as the Government may deem convenient. ¶ “”In faith of this agreement two similar copies are signed in the city of Managua on the second day of February of 1933. ¶ (s) S. Calderón Ramírez. ¶ (s) Pedro José Zepeda. ¶ (s) H. Portocarrero. ¶ (s) D. Stadthagen. ¶ (s) Crisanto Sacasa. ¶ “Approved and ratified in all its parts. Managua, D. N., February 2, 1933. ¶ (s) A. C. Sandino. ¶ “Accepted in all its parts. Managua, D. N. February 2, 1933. ¶ (s) J. B. Sacasa.” ¶ The next few weeks will disclose just how much authority Sandino holds over his various sub-chiefs. It is claimed by some that this authority is very small. ¶ Further notices state that Sandino will leave for the Argentine as soon as possible. ¶ Source: As stated. ¶ A. R. Harris, ¶ Major, G.S., M. A. ¶ From: M. A. Costa Rica ¶ Report No. 1,942 ¶ Date: February 8, 1933."

37.  February 3, 1933.  G-2 Report, "Sandino Signs Peace Agreement," Major A. R. Harris, Military Attaché, San José.   "G-2 Report. ¶ 2,700 ¶ NICARAGUA (Population & Social) ¶ Subject: Public Order & Safety. ¶ Sandino Signs Peace Agreement. ¶ Brief news dispatches from Managua state that a peace pact with Sandino was finally concluded on February 1st. ¶ Complete details of the peace pact are not as yet known. However, it is stated that one of Sandino’s conditions, which was accepted, is the incorporation of a change in the constitution to the effect that “no attorney or representative of foreign companies can hold office either in the cabinet, congress or any other public office where his private interests might conflict with his official duties.” ¶ If the above is correct, it will mean the removal of Dr. Salvador Guerrero Montalván, Sacasa’s Minister of the Treasury, who for years has been attorney for the United Fruit Co. in Nicaragua. ¶ Sandino arrived in Managua, via airplane (TACA) on February 1st and went immediately to the Campo de Marte for a conference with President Sacasa. He left Managua on February 2nd by airplane for the Segovias. About 200 members of the Guardia Nacional, who were at the flying field in Managua, shouted “Viva Sandino”, as he took off. ¶ Source: Press. ¶ A. R. Harris, ¶ Major, G.S., M.A. ¶ From: M. A. Costa Rica ¶ Report No. 1,034 ¶ Date: February 3, 1933."

38.  February 3, 1933.  Press Clipping.  "SANDINO EMERGES TO NEGOTIATE PEACE ¶ A Rebel Since 1927, He Flies Into Managua and Confers With Nicaraguan President. ¶ EMBRACES GUARD OFFICER ¶ “No More War,” He Says—Sends Regards to Americans, but Bars Them as “Bosses.” ¶ Copyright, 1933, by The Associated Press. ¶ MANAGUA, Feb. 2.—General Augusto Sandino, with whose forces the Nicaraguan Government and the United States Marines have engaged in many combats, arrived at the Presidential palace today to discuss terms under which he would make peace with the country. ¶ Dressed picturesquely in gabardine trousers, a blue jacket and high boots, he wore a red handkerchief around his neck and carried an automatic pistol and field glasses. ¶ Some time after he had been closeted in the Presidential mansion with President Juan B. Sacasa, members of his commission and high government officials, General Sandino issued a statement in which he sent his regards to the American people and said it was the duty of the Nicaraguans to establish peace. ¶ Bars Americans as “Bosses.” ¶ The statement read: ¶ Why discuss the basis of peace? It is our duty as Nicaraguans to establish it as we are all brothers. I have nothing against North Americans personally; let them come and work here. However, for them to come as our bosses we should not accept. I send my regards to the American people. ¶ The General came here by plane direct from his mountain headquarters in the northern part of the country accompanied by three members of a peace commission he had authorized recently to carry on preliminary negotiations. The members of the commission were Salvador Ramirez Calderon, Horacio Portocarrero and Dr. Pedro Jose Zepeda. ¶ General Sandino’s father, who was said to have participated in the conference several days ago, at which a protocol setting out the terms under which the General would accept peace had been drawn up, also was in the plane, which was piloted by Julio Zinser, a Mexican. ¶ The General was met at the airport by a National Guard officer who is in charge of the aviation field. The officer greeted him and offered to shake hands. General Sandino replied by embracing him and saying: ¶ “Let us embrace, we are brothers. I come with peace. We will have no more war. We are free and independent.” ¶ Then he turned and greeted National Guardsmen who were on the field saying, “Guardias, we are all brothers.” He was then taken by automobile to the Presidential Palace, stopping off at his parents’ home where he greeted his mother. ¶ The consensus here was that the chances for peace were good, but details of any arrangement that might be made were not known. ¶ An Insurgent Since 1927. ¶ Since 1927 Cesar Augusto Sandino waged intermittent warfare against the United States Marines and the Nicaraguan National Guard. ¶ Born about thirty-eight years ago near Managua of middle-class folk, Sandino moved to Mexico as a boy with his family and went to school there. Unverified reports say that he served in the army of Pancho Villa; if so, then it was from Villa that he learned the elusive surprise tactics that have been so provoking to his foes. ¶ Returning to Nicaragua, he worked for a time as a clerk and timekeeper in an American-owned gold mine. When the mine was shut down, no longer able to operate at a profit, Sandino joined the liberal forces in the revolution. In one engagement he stood his ground while his comrades fled, whereupon he was embraced by General Moncado [Moncada] and advanced on the spot from the rank of private to general. ¶ In 1927 Henry L. Stimson arrived in Nicaragua as peace-maker. ¶ But, despite the agreement negotiated by Mr. Stimson, General Sanidon [Sandino] declined to lay down his arms and began his prolonged warfare. ¶ His stronghold was in the mountains of Nueva Segovia, whence he breathed defiance in violent manifestoes and in somewhat personal letters to Marine officers. He declared, time after time, that while he was willing to make peace, he would not do so while United States Marines remained in Nicaragua. ¶ Source of Funds a Mystery. ¶ The forces of General Sandino have been variously estimated. Some put the number at 500, others as high as 5,000. The smaller figures probably is [are] nearer the true number. Where and how General Sandino has managed to raise the funds to keep his force together, still remains a mystery."

39.  February 3-4, 1933.  Press Clippings.  "Sandino Gives Pledge of Peace ¶ Nicaraguan Rebel Flies Back to Mountains After Spending Night in Palace. ¶ Copyright, 1933, by Associated Press. ¶ MANAGUA, Nicaragua, Feb. 3.—A promise of peace after six years of revolt against the American-advised governments of Nicaragua was left behind today by Gen. Augusto Sandino as he headed back to the mountain headquarters of his army. ¶ The importance of his message was almost forgotten in the excitement caused by the sensational manner in which he delivered it. His visit was a complete surprise. ¶ A plane from his northern jungle retreat arrived here yesterday with the commander, his father and three political allies. With an automatic pistol swinging on his hip, he walked into the Presidential Palace, sat down with President Juan Bautista Sacasa and made his pledge of peace. ¶ Then the man who had hunted and been hunted by Nicaraguan native soldiers and American Marines since 1926 enjoyed the luxury, particularly for him, of a night’s sleep in the Palace. ¶ “Peace is now a fact. Nicaragua entered a new era when the last United States Marines departed from our soil,” he told this correspondent after his conference with the President and other Government leaders. ¶ Believe He Will Keep Pledge. ¶ The General had kept one pledge and Government leaders were of the opinion that he would keep this on. He had often said that he would persist in his sanguinary struggle until the last United States marine had departed from Nicaragua. The United States marines, who for most of nineteen years had been stationed in Nicaragua, completed evacuation of the country within two days after the inauguration of President Sacasa, January 1. ¶ Only a few days before the last marine left, more than twenty soldiers were reported slain in an engagement between native guards and Sandinistas. A few isolated engagements since caused considerable doubt whether peace was at hand. ¶ The terms of the peace settlement were not made public. ¶ “I ask for nothing personally,” the General said. ¶ A protocol was brought here by Sandinista emissaries less than two weeks ago, outlining conditions for a truce to “leave the hands of my (Sandino’s) representatives free to make peace in the most honorable was for myself, my soldiers and the Nicaraguan Government.” There was no thought of “surrender,” said his men. ¶ The General said he had control of all his officers and man and did not expect any further trouble. After his return by plane today he was to order them to lay down their arms. ¶ “In case some unforeseen objection is raised by my soldiers situated far from central control, and they continue the rebellion, I have placed myself at the orders of President Sacasa and will aid him in forcing them to follow my example,” he asserted. He indicated he considered his army the best “disciplined in the world.” ¶ “I have nothing against North Americans personally; let them come and work here. However, we should not accept them coming as our bosses. I send my regards to the American people,” Sandino said in a statement issued during the course of the peace conference. ¶ SANDINO SUBMITS. ¶ General SANDINO, whether he be regarded as a bandit, or as a patriot according to his lights, must have credit for going to Managua as a peacemaker and as a supporter of President SACASA of Nicaragua. He had doubtless been assured that his draft of terms, negotiated by the Nicaraguan Minister of Agriculture, would have SACASA’S approval. At his inauguration the President announced that he would make a peaceable settlement with the rebel for five years if practicable, but would use force to suppress him if that should be necessary. In reporting the pacification of Nicaragua, the President states that he was “aided by the good-will of General AGUSTINO CESAR SANDINO and his delegates.” This may sound magnanimous but may be good diplomacy. SANDINO is a hero to Nicaraguans of his class. Whether he was sincere when he said that he would lay down his arms after the last American Marine left the country, or realized that it would be a losing fight to resist a Government elected by the people and defended by a well-trained National Guard, is not of much consequence. He is accepted by the new Government as a good citizen and has only to behave himself to receive liberal treatment. ¶ President HOOVER announced long ago that our Marines would be withdrawn as soon as a stable Government was established. It was his policy to give to American citizens the protection allowed by international law, without trenching on the rights of the Nicaraguan people. From time to time battalions of Marines were brought back, enough being left to supervise elections. Meanwhile a native National Guard was officered and trained as a police body. It was the carrying out of Mr. HOOVER’S policy that stabilized Nicaragua and prepared the way for the submission of SANDINO. He now shows no ill will toward Americans. If Nicaragua is on the eve of enduring peace, it is largely due to the attitude of the American Government and its adherence to a plan that had the approval of Latin America. ¶ ANOTHER “RETIREMENT” ¶ We could wax a little more enthusiastic over the decision of Augustino Sandino to be a good boy if he had ever succeeded in staying reformed in the past. But the sad fact is that no matter how often Sandino has retired from the business of guerrilla warfare he has come back just as often. Like Pancho Villa, with whom he is said to have served at one time, he has been a sort of perpetual bandit, whose longings always draw him back into the game no matter how he may strive to resist temptation. ¶ The one thing which seems to give the retirement he announced at Managua on Thursday a greater promise of permanence than such announcements have carried heretofore is the circumstance that the United States has actually withdrawn all of its marines from Nicaraguan soil. Although Sandino has been attacking his own countrymen as often as he has attacked our marines, he has always professed to be fighting to free Nicaraguan soil from Yankee domination. Now that the soil has been cleared as he desired, the rebel chieftain comes in and makes his peace with the Government that American troops helped support. Perhaps a retirement from the profession of banditry arranged under such conditions will assume an enduring quality that has been lacking in the past. ¶ The change would be to everybody’s advantage. Sandino’s eruptions have lost a good deal of their original potency, if indeed were ever quite as serious as our expeditionary commanders sought to make them. But even though they have declined in power, they remained a potential threat to the peace and security of his country. They also provided American jingoes a potential invitation to prolonged intervention in the affairs of a country which in good conscience we ought to have left alone. Nicaragua and this nation alike may breathe more freely if this particular thorn in the flesh is finally withdrawn."

40.  ca. December 1931.  Telegram, Nicaraguan National Guard Detachment to OpNav.     "Native Lieuts. Silva and Valle with La Trinidad patrol had contact with bandits group of 100 jefe Juan Altamirano at Cerro Las Tables northeast of Trinidad.  Fight lasted two hours until darkness closed in bandit casualties unknown but indications of several killed and many wounded to Guardia casualties Guardia captured 40 animals small quantity jof ammunition correspondence and misc. articles.  Note:  15 miles south of Esteli, Marine Corps Map of Nicaragua."

41.  January 10, 1933.  G-2 Translation of local press on Sandino & Nicaragua, Capt. Robert E. Cummings, Acting Military Attaché, Mexico City, p. 1.  "G-2 Report ¶ 3850-a ¶ MEXICO ¶ POLITICAL ¶ SUBJECT: Foreign Relations,- Etc. ¶ SANDINO and Nicaragua. ¶ 1. Attached hereto are translations of four articles and two editorials which appeared recently in the local press of Mexico City, concerning Nicaragua, Sandino, and the relations between the United States and Nicaragua. ¶ 2. The editorials are interesting in that they give the attitude of the local press toward the Occupation of Nicaragua by the United States Marines. ¶ Robert E. Cummings, ¶ Captain, Infantry (DOL) ¶ Acting Military Attaché. ¶ Source: As stated/ ¶ C/p ¶ From: M.A.Mexico. ¶ Report No. 4359. ¶ Date: Jan. 10, 1933. . . . "

42.  January 10, 1933.  G-2 Translation of local press on Sandino & Nicaragua, Capt. Robert E. Cummings, Acting Military Attaché, Mexico City, p. 2:  Horacio Espinosa, "Sandino and His Detractors (Deturpadores)", Universal Gráfico, p. 2.   " . . . SANDINO AND HIS DETRACTORS (“Deturpadores”) ¶ For the “UNIVERSAL GRÁFICO”. ¶ Under the title “Problems of Spanish America”, Sr. Enrique Lumen has commenced to publish in the “Universal Gráfico[“] a series of articles. The first one deals with the case of General Augusto Cesar Sandino, the man who, in his role of “General of Free Men”, as Henry Barbuse would call him, has set up –and perhaps has solved it- the great problem of his race against Yankee imperialism. ¶ Señor Lumen calls General Sandino a “puppet” manipulated by individuals without patriotic conscience, “ignorant of the role he is playing, controlled by some of his agents and advisers,- as he is a rustic field laborer”. ¶ To the world of the Americas, which has seen how Bolivar was attacked and how he died abandoned, saddened, and poor; how Sucre was treacherously and cowardly assassinated,- the best, the most just, the purest of the men who achieved the independence of South America; and how Lincoln was assassinated, he who emancipated the slaves; to the American world who knows this, and more, as to the ingratitudes of which these truly great men have been the victims, and knows the fate which befell the Socrates, the Columbuses, etc. etc., will not be surprised that a writer comes forward to deal similar treatment to one of the authentic heroes of our race. ¶ Yet Sr. Lumen had no dealings personally with General Sandino, whom he did not see during his visit to Nicaragua, but probably he did have dealings with the traitors to his race and to his fatherland, who are men of power and wealth and who know how to impress, as their perverse interests dictate, some visitors, and even a part of their own people. These are the ones who have called Sandino a bandit, and made others call him such, to the amazement and indignation of the free men of the world. ¶ No, Señor Lumen, General Sandino is no puppet, nor ignorant, and he is controlled by no one; very much to the contrary, and he is almost immune to influence, as he possesses the temperament of the men in the history of humanity who have reflected great spiritual rebellion. Neither is he ignorant, in the broad sense which you pretend to give to this word; and if you were acquainted with his archives, where there are many important documents drafted and written in his own handwriting, and which you or anyone else can see in the house 157 Calle Salvador Díaz Mirón, in this city,- no matter how far you had been influenced by information you had received,- you would not have dared to call him ignorant, as no one would who had dealt with him or who knew his real work. ¶ Nor has he been “a rustic field laborer” as you call him: a mechanic, yes,- expert and diligent, and working as such he earned his living before the maneuvers of Yankee imperialism in his country compelled him to emerge as a prototype of our race which should never be dominated by foreigners. . . . "

43.  January 10, 1933.  G-2 Translation of local press on Sandino & Nicaragua, Capt. Robert E. Cummings, Acting Military Attaché, Mexico City, p. 3:  Horacio Espinosa, "Sandino and His Detractors (Deturpadores)", Universal Gráfico, p. 3.   " . . . Aesop was a slave; Shakespeare, a groom at the doors of a London theatre; Lincoln was a rail-splitter; Franklin, a printer; but all this done not dim their glory. ¶ In his article, Señor Lumen states that he “looked at the facts in the proper light, and that the opinion which prevailed in Guatemala, Honduras, El Salvador and Costa Rica, as to ‘Sandinismo’ fully reflected the reality. Countries which, by being adjacent or very near to Nicaragua, maintain a closer contact with her than other nations,- Mexico, for example,- had been able to properly appraise the work of the so-called ‘patriots of the Segovias’, the army which, from patriots, had become converted into a menace to progress and to the cause of Spanish America.” ¶ What Señor Lumen tries to say, in this jargon, is that the other Republics of Central America have a bad opinion of “Sandinismo”. And that is not true. In Guatemala we have seen great popular parades in favor of General Sandino, and we can state that such was the enthusiasm of the masses that the Government, fearing to be placed in a bad light with the United States Government, prohibited a repetition of these manifestations. And if Señor Lumen had studied the problem of “Sandinismo” throughout all Central America, as he would have us believe, he surely would have seen in the streets of the City of Guatemala what the people had written on the iron electric-light posts, “Viva San Digno” (“Long Live Sandino”). ¶ As to the people of El Salvador, Honduras, and Costa Rica, we are in position to state that they are virile people, and that they have not the weakened blood of slaves, to conform to Yankee imperialism in Central America. ¶ It is the governments and the created interests with which “Sandinismo” has not squared; and if it was in the drawing-rooms and the ante-rooms of the “poderosos” (those in power), that Señor Lumen “became impressed”, then that explains his singular interpretation of the social phenomena of “Sandinismo”. ¶ Señor Lumen, if the truth were told, gives the impression that he does not know, or appears not to know, what he is talking about, in his article. He says that the right of the United States to open the canal in Nicaragua is “shared with England”. Where does Señor Lumen get his basis for such a statement? By this we must believe that he does not know of the treaties which the United States has imposed upon helpless Nicaragua, through its power, and the moral corruption of some of Nicaragua’s disloyal sons. ¶ Further on, Señor Lumen says: “The rebels of the Segovias made it necessary for the North American marines to remain there,- a justification which was very important to the United States Government, not because of what the world would say, but because the general opinion of the North American people was, and is, contrary to the occupation of the Central American republic.” ¶ It would be deduced from what Señor Lumen says, that the armed intervention of the United States in Nicaragua became necessary because of the appearance of Sandino. . . . "

44.  January 10, 1933.  G-2 Translation of local press on Sandino & Nicaragua, Capt. Robert E. Cummings, Acting Military Attaché, Mexico City, p. 4:  Horacio Espinosa, "Sandino and His Detractors (Deturpadores)", Universal Gráfico, p. 4.   " . . . No, Señor Lumen,- long before Sandino appeared on the scene of our struggles against the Yankee – in 1912 – there was armed intervention; also in 1926 and 1927, when the marines, rifles and machine-guns in band, imposed Adolfo Díaz as the President of the Republic, and prevented by a thousand methods, the triumph of our institutions which were upheld by a great majority of the Nicaraguan people. In General Sandino the national dignity found refuge,- the cry of a race, when in 1927 Mr. Stimson, in agreement with General Moncada, compelled, or pretended to compel, the latter to deliver up the rifles and machine-guns with which the Nicaraguan army had defended its law and its right. ¶ The attitude, then, of Sandino, and of those of us who have accompanied him, physically or morally, in his struggle, has been that which is assumed by free men of the soil,- that which the English, the Mexicans, the French, the Italians, the Argentinians, etc. etc. will assume, if they find their soil invaded and their rights trampled upon, with might as the only right of the offender. ¶ “Sandinismo” is the epic of a handful of men of one race who manfully oppose the imperialism, merely biological, of another race. ¶ But where the tendency of Señor Lumen is most marked is in the part where he refers to Sandino as a puppet, and ignorant,- “a rustic field laborer, managed and exploited by his agents and advisers, ignorant of the role he plays, directed by some of his agents and advisers,- men of culture and political shrewdness, (qualities which he does not possess because he is a rustic field laborer) who have enriched themselves in a suspicious manner;- advisers who send to the ‘guerrillero’ of the Segovia mountains funds which they say they obtain from Continental multitudes who sympathize with the cause of liberty”. ¶ We courteously invite Señor Lumen to specify who are these individuals, and which funds, and how much,- as we suppose he knows all this since he has dared to make such startling statements. ¶ For our part, we know that the only general representatives which General Sandino and his glorious army have had, are Froylán Turcios the writer, and Dr. José Pedro Zepeda. Regarding Turcios, we know that he is in Europe, without other means than monthly remittances sent to him by the Honduran Government. Regarding Dr. Zepeda, we are told that he has made great personal sacrifices, economically, to support the cause of the autonomy of his country,- to such an extent that he is today in reduced circumstances, whereas he owned city properties and bank deposits when he took over the representation of General Sandino and the Army of Liberation. ¶ “Sandinismo” is, by its very nature, a social inter-American phenomenon, the transcendence of which has not yet been comprehended, except by a few select spirits of our own Continent. ¶ HORACIO ESPINOSA. . . . "

45.  January 10, 1933.  G-2 Translation of local press on Sandino & Nicaragua, Capt. Robert E. Cummings, Acting Military Attaché, Mexico City, p. 5:   "The Nicaraguans in Mexico Delighted - Now They Will Celebrate the Evacuation of Their Country By the American Forces," El Universal, Jan. 3, 1933.   " . . . Translation ¶ THE NICARAGUANS IN MEXICO DELIGHTED ¶ How they will celebrate the evacuation of their country by the American forces. ¶ The Executive Committee of the Independent Reform Party of Nicaragua yesterday made the following statement: ¶ The Independent Reform Party of Nicaragua, Mexican Section, has today held a solemn meeting to commemorate the date on which the soldiers of the regular army of the United States departed from the territory of the Nicaraguan fatherland after six years of occupation and of military activities. The Party in question considers this occurance [occurrence] as an effective triumph of the Liberating Army which, under the orders of General Sandino, has fought for more than five years for the independence of Nicaragua and the recovery of its sovereignty. However, in spite of the patriotic enthusiasm which this event awakens in the element of the Party, it considers that the material act of the evacuation does not conclude the imperialistic influence and the vigilance and control over the government of that country, since the economic and financial ties and the treaties which harm the sovereignth [sovereignty] of Nicaragua remain in full force. ¶ In spite of these considerations, the event is important as the beginning of a series of events which will end with the attainment of the autonomy and the sovereignty of the Nicaraguan nation. ¶ At the solemn meeting mentioned above, resolutions were adopted for the following act: a visit of the entire meeting to the Mexican press to inform it regarding this event and the making of statements to explain it; a guard of honor of the same meeting at the monument of the Heroes of the Independence in homage to the Mexican patriots and as a patriotic and racial celebration on account of the military evacuation of Nicaragua; a dinner to be held at a centrally located restaurant to which will be invited outstanding personages of the Mexican press; and a lecture to be delivered over the radio interpreting this event according to the ideas and tendencies of the Independent Reform Party of Nicaragua. ¶ “El Universal” of January 3, 1933. . . . "

46.  January 10, 1933.  G-2 Translation of local press on Sandino & Nicaragua, Capt. Robert E. Cummings, Acting Military Attaché, Mexico City, p. 6:  "The Evacuation of Nicaragua," El Universal, Jan. 4, 1933.   " . . . Translation ¶ THE EVACUATION OF NICARAGUA ¶ The withdrawal of the Yankee marines from Nicaraguan territory is one of the events on the continent marking the New Year. Even to the indifferent, even to those who regard political matters only casually, the Calvary of Nicaragua signified an affront to the Twentieth Century, a flagrant violation of the rights of a free people, an act of force which, because of its repugnant nature, ceases to be merely an act and becomes a stain upon the history of a great country. ¶ Certain newspapers of Mexican have said that the intervention of the United States in Nicaragua dates back to 1926. They are mistaken. This interference dates back twenty years, even though the records of the Navy of the United States may not now wish to record it. The first foreign forces landed in Nicaragua in 1912, to put down a constitutional revolution. Five thousand blue-jackets, with an equal number of natives headed by the traitors Emiliano Chamorro and Adolfo Díaz, destroyed, on the slopes of the Masaya mountain, three hundred students and laborers who were the last to give up, obeying their own will and that of the modest and conscientious hero, Benjamin Zeledón, who preferred death to surrender. Unfortunately, Zeledón had no publicists and that crime remains hidden. ¶ An era of ignominy descends upon Nicaragua. The press of the world does not publish all the details, nor does it even publish the vain protests of the multitudes, including those of children who in the parks of the cities stone the intruding soldier. Practically nothing has been published of the machinations of the bankers. Almost nothing is known of the real sufferings, because nothing is written about them. ¶ But all that has passed now and hope opens wide its horizons. Let us who love liberty not deceive ourselves by an erroneous concept of it. There is no (such thing as a) free country, because if it is not threatened by foreign intervention in a thousand tangible forms, it is confronted by internal problems that curtail its liberty. ¶ Nicaragua, the martyr Central American country, which has the misfortune of a geographic and strategic position, breathes freely now, after an oppression of twenty years. That time, in which a new generation has grown up, has not been sufficient to subjugate that small country. May its rulers take due note of the lesson which the bitter experience involves in order to protect themselves in the future against disguised or brutal acts of imperialism. ¶ “El Universal”, January 4, 1933. . . ."

47.  January 10, 1933.  G-2 Translation of local press on Sandino & Nicaragua, Capt. Robert E. Cummings, Acting Military Attaché, Mexico City, p. 7:  "A Good Year for Nicaragua," El Nacional, Jan. 3, 1933, p. 1.   " . . . Translation ¶ A GOOD YEAR FOR NICARAGUA ¶ The evacuation of Nicaraguan territory by the North American troops which, first for purposes of protection and later for introductory purposes, were maintained there since 1926, is an important event of the present year, of (such) great significance to all Spanish American interests on our Continent that we can not permit it to pass without comment. ¶ Notwithstanding the fact that our diplomatic relations with Nicaragua have been severed for some years as a result of these same incidents, we now feel ourselves entitled to participate in the emotion which must at this moment fill the heart of the Nicaraguan nation in order to celebrate with it the liberation of its territory, because we are certain that, throughout this long painful chapter of North American intervention, we have been with it in condemnation of the weakness of its Governments, in sorrow for its misfortunes and in praise of the patriotism of its rebels and the sacrificing spirit of its sons. ¶ One can not go deeply into the life of Nicaragua during these last six years without encountering the repetition of an unfortunate international policy of the United States, which has served to make that great Nation appear as the scourge of the freedom of the nations of the continent, giving an opportunity to the enemies of that nation to attack it specifically in what they consider a synthetic expression of North American imperialism. ¶ A great spirit of hostility and of aversion has been inspired against the United States by its rivals, creating a lack of confidence among the Spanish Americans who, even though not experiencing directly the stroke of the assault, nevertheless noticed the constant threat to the lives of all the Spanish American republics, exposed constantly to attack under more or less disguised pretexts. ¶ A veritable flood of anti-imperialistic literature, in many cases strong and convincing, has cultivated that sentiment that has done so much harm to the understanding between the North American nation and the other countries of the Continent. ¶ We ourselves, incidentally, have not been exempt from this unfortunate situation for Pan American interests. We believe, however, that either because of our location or our greater accessibility, the understanding between the two countries, with the exception of the distant war of 1847, has in general been good, and the interruptions which it has suffered have not been of long duration and we have quickly resumed our cordial relations. ¶ In the other Republics the situations that have arisen have always been more difficult and irritating. To explain this it must be taken into account that the North American rulers have not always solved with entire wisdom their problems of expansion, with which the capitalism of their country is never satisfied, nor have they always been strong enough not to accede to the demands of these insatiable speculators. That is why, because of the mercenary and corrupt actions of their own governments, small Central American republics, like Nicaragua, have had to fall under the influence of this class of “business men” who, to give their actions a semblance of legality, hide them behind the general pretext of North American interests threatened by revolutions. . . . "

48.  January 10, 1933.  G-2 Translation of local press on Sandino & Nicaragua, Capt. Robert E. Cummings, Acting Military Attaché, Mexico City, p. 8:  "A Good Year for Nicaragua," El Nacional, Jan. 3, 1933, p. 2.   " . . . Although officially it is said that in view of the Treaty of Tipitaca [Tipitapa] the North American Marines have left Nicaraguan territory, we desire to believe that it has been more on account of a reaction that has taken place in the criterion of the Government of the White House regarding Spanish American matters. And we incline towards this belief because none of the new men of the United States Government – the disapproval of the people of the United States was apparent at the time of the invasion – has failed to see the moral fiasco of the United States represented by its intervention in the affairs of a small Republic, seeking to quiet the restlessness of its people and supporting unpopular governments under the pretext of protecting capital which was alleged to be in danger. ¶ This new attitude of the Government of the United States, based upon genuine principles of democracy and of Pan-Americanism, is what should give it the increased prestige which can be such a great thing and so beneficial for the continental interests, and is what should affirm its civilizing action, its action towards better understanding and freindship [friendship] in every one of the Republics of Spanish origin. ¶ Doctor Sacasa can assume the presidency of the Republic of Nicaragua as the result of his triumph in an election the democratic purity of which it is not out place to challenge. But in any case, the country, free from foreign control and standing on its own feet, will undertake the development, spiritual as well as material, which, sooner or later, can be accomplished only with the possession of its full sovereignty, which is the only way it can recover its genuine nationality. ¶ Through the dense mist of this latest and unfortunate incident of Pan American life shines, filling that Republic to its boundaries with heroic splendor, the invincible figure of General Sandino. In him, the free opinion of Nicaragua upheld throughout the six years of North American intervention, with a sacred, rebellious obstinacy, the national ideal and the justice of their democratic convictions. That handful of men that surrounded Sandino, like an army of condottieri, in the mountains of his country, never measured the danger of opposing its small forces and elements of war against the strength of the North Americans. ¶ To this figure, the romanticism of which threw additional light upon the democratic hopes of Spanish America, a hymn of praise is sung throughout the world, and in America another similarly clamorous one of racial pride in sung. His attitude, whatever may now be the new course of the cause upheld by him, remains as an example for those who still love the sacred madness of defending their country. ¶ Mexico was a spectator in this complicated history of international interests engaged in an unequal combat. It is not difficult to guess which side had our sympathy, swayed by fraternal sentiments. Our attitude, however, had to be abandoned in a certain point and our official relations with the Government of Nicaragua were severed and have remained so to date. However, now that a new horizon opens to the future of that glorious Republic, we salute it in its new life which we are sure will be to its brave sons the foundation and principle of a future vainly held in check for some years by foreign forces. ¶ And we also express the hope that this North American attitude may be the beginning of an international policy of effective rapprochement between the great North American nation and the Latin republics of this Continent, upon a basis of cooperation founded on mutual respect. ¶ “El Nacional”, January 3, 1933. . . . "

49.  January 10, 1933.  G-2 Translation of local press on Sandino & Nicaragua, Capt. Robert E. Cummings, Acting Military Attaché, Mexico City, p. 9:  "Sandino Fought and Defeated General Colindres in the Segovias — Colindres Wanted To Proclaim a New Republic, Without Sandino's Consent," La Prensa, Dec. 29, 1932.   " . . . Translation ¶ SANDINO FOUGHT AND DEFEATED GENERAL COLINDRES IN THE SEGOVIAS ¶ COLINDRES WANTED TO PROCLAIM A NEW REPUBLIC, WITHOUT SANDINO’S CONSENT ¶ Sandino is becoming more and more feared in Nicaragua. He has converted a handful of armed men into an army perfectly organized, armed and munitioned,- making himself the master of Las Segovias, where it has been impossible to dislodge him. ¶ The newspapers of Central America are now giving out reports regarding Sandino’s activities in Las Segovias, one of which is copied as follows: ¶ “Managua, Dec. 16, 1932. – Communicated from León. ¶ “Persons who have come to his city, San Salvador, from the Departments of the North, bring the news that the forces of Generals Sandino and Juan Gregorio Colindres clashed in a bitter fight and that Sandino won. ¶ “General Colindres, and the physician Arturo Vega, who were taken prisoners, were afterward shot to death. ¶ “For some days the talk has been that General Colindres had proclaimed the ‘Republic of the Segovias’, in agreement with General Sandino, and that Colindres was the President of that Republic. It was also said that Colindres had appointed Dr. Pedro José Zepeda as Consul in Mexico, and General Horacio Portocarrero as Consul in San Salvador, neither of whom had been in harmony with Colindres. ¶ “However, this procedure did not meet with Sandino’s approval, who decided that the ‘Republic’ should be immediately done away with. He therefore massed his troops and started out to destroy that new ‘Cabinet’. ¶ “Colindres, who it seems expected the attack, prepared to fight, and one day this week the two armies clashed, Colindres’ forces being completely routed and he himself taken prisoner, along with Arturo Vega, the physician, and they were both shot to death. ¶ “Part of Colindres’ disbanded army fled in the direction of Honduras, reaching Danlí, where it is stated they attempted to join the revolutionaries of that country.” ¶ Dr. Pedro José Zepeda has been residing in Mexico City for some tion [time?]. He is one of the most active and ardent of the Nicaraguan revolutionaries, and, during the time the revolution has been going on in that country, he has furnished effective aid to General Sandino, of whom he is an intimate friend. When the Nicaraguan General (Sandino) visited Mexico, he stayed in Zepeda’s home. Zepeda is a well-known physician in this metropolis. ¶ (“La Prensa”, December 29, 1932.) . . . "

50.  January 10, 1933.  G-2 Translation of local press on Sandino & Nicaragua, Capt. Robert E. Cummings, Acting Military Attaché, Mexico City, p. 10:  "Return of a Mexican Officer Who Served Under Sandino," El Gráfico, Dec. 31, 1932, p. 1.   "Translation ¶ RETURN OF A MEXICAN OFFICER WHO SERVED UNDER SANDINO ¶ Yesterday morning (December 30, 1932) there returned from Central America, Captain 1st. Cl. José Paredes, a native of Guadalajara, Jalisco, who for several years has been serving in Sandino’s insurgent ranks fighting the Yankee invasion and the Moncada government. ¶ Paredes is one of the most war-scarred veterans of the “hosts of the Segovias”, bearing the traces of the terrible combats which have taken place in that section, as he received two serious wounds produced by the explosive bullets of the “blue-jackets”, the Yankee marines which incorporated with the National Guard of Nicaragua to fight Sandino. He suffered a horrible lesion in the left pulmonary region, which left him with a cavity like that made by an axe, having lost one lung. ¶ Paredes returns completely disillusioned with the Sandino movement, which he considers a military disaster, and only regrets that “zánganos” (adventurers) from other countries are exploiting the cause, which he considers a lost one, at the cost of the lives of the stupid people (“tontos”) who insist on keeping up the fight in the far-off region of the heart of Central America. ¶ Paredes says that the people of Nicaragua have not responded to the desperate appeal of the movement, notwithstanding the great sacrifices which it has cost those who embraced the cause with such faith and enthusiasm. Only when Sandino’s forces were successful in entering some village,- then the people lent themselves to the lootings, and after that contributed nothing to the campaign. ¶ The men who accompany Sandino in the “war of ambuscades” are natives of the mountains, numbering about five hundred. These are equipped with regular armament and about twenty machine-guns of the Keer, Thompson and Lewis types. Many rebels have been killed in the campaign, which has become more intensified since April of this year, these being principally the rustics, of farmers, who served Sandino by furnishing him with food supplies and munitions, as these are the ones who are cruelly sacrificed by the National Guards. ¶ Furthermore, the enthusiasm for the revolution has diminished, upon it becoming known that Sandino wished to keep on in his attitude in spite of the withdrawal of the Yankee marines who have been held in Nicaragua so many years. ¶ It is believed that Sandino, convinced of the impossibility of his military triumph, will attempt to obtain some advantages from the new Government of the Republic, which, after the first of the year, will be headed by President Juan Bautista Sacasa. ¶ Paredes comes now from Tegucigalpa, Honduras, where he has been recovering from a leg wound which he received two months ago in a combat when he was serving under the orders of Generals Juan Gregorio Colindres and Juan Pablo Umanzor. ¶ He says he is not willing to return to Nicaragua to continue the fight, which he claims is sterile and unnecessary. ¶ He adds, lastly, that division and conflict have already started among the Sandino leaders, with the consequence that Colindres fought Sandino and, as is known, was defeated and fell prisoner, then was . . . "

51.  January 10, 1933.  G-2 Translation of local press on Sandino & Nicaragua, Capt. Robert E. Cummings, Acting Military Attaché, Mexico City, p. 11:  "Return of a Mexican Officer Who Served Under Sandino," El Gráfico, Dec. 31, 1932, p. 2.  " . . . summarily shot to death upon Sandino’s orders. It seems that Colindres attempted to set up “his little separate republic” in the region controlled by his forces. ¶ “Grafico”, December 31, 1932)"